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After having previously walked Jamaica Avenue from its beginnings in Brooklyn out to Lefferts Boulevard and then along its easternmost stretch (now known as Jericho Turnpike at the insistence of the local community board, which forced a name change in 2005, I thought I would more or less complete the route from downtown Jamaica out to Queens Village.

The street name has nothing to do with the Caribbean island country. The avenue, the neighborhood and the bay are instead named for the Jameco Indians, an Algonquian tribe that occupied the center and southern sections of what is today’s Queens County, for hundreds of years before the colonial era.

The Jameco name was Algonquian for beaver, which had been plentiful in the region; a remnant of this is Beaver Road, which ran beside the now-filled Beaver Pond south of the Long Island Rail Road. Native Americans used the trail, which connects to original trails that run from the East River to eastern Long Island, for trade with tribes spanning from the east coast to the midwest. After the Dutch settled the present day downtown area, known before 1664 as Rustdorp (“rest town”), Jamaica Avenue (as the Jamaica Plank Road) became a tolled highway for much of its length. The tolls were removed by the time of Queens’ consolidation with New York City in 1898.

{Recent scholarship suggests that Jamaica, Queens is indeed named for the Caribbean island; both were once under British control.]

Downtown Jamaica Avenue passes several buildings that went up during or just after the colonial period, and just north of Prospect Cemetery which was established in 1668, immediately following the end of Dutch rule.

King Manor, facing Jamaica Avenue in King Park between 150th and 153rd Streets, was the mansion belonging to Rufus King (1755-1827). King, always an ardent abolitionist, was a youthful representative at the Continental Congress from 1784-1786, a US Senator from New York in 1789, a Minister (Ambassador) to Great Britain from 1796-1803 (where he impressed the still-hostile Brits after the close of the Revolutionary War), a US Senator again from 1813 to 1825, and ran unsuccessfully for President as a Federalist against James Monroe in 1816. The mansion was first built in 1730, and King purchased the building in 1805; his son, John Alsop King, NYS Governor from 1857-1859, added Greek Revival additions. The King Manor Association has maintained the building since 1900, and it opened to the public in 1992.

The First Reformed Church of Jamaica, Jamaica Avenue and 153rd Street, has stood since 1859, with the congregation in existence since 1715. The original church was located at the present day Jamaica Avenue and 162nd Street, and moved to this location in 1833 and that church burned down in 1857. The First Reformed moved to Jamaica Estates and this building stood empty for much of the 1990s, after which it was reborn in 2008 as the Jamaica Performing Arts Center after a $22 million renovation. Architect Sidney Young was a member of the congregation.

Grace Episcopal Church, across the street, was similarly founded early on, in 1702 as a representative of the Church of England — the churchyard boasts several colonial era gravestones, including that of Rufus King. The present sharply steepled church was built in 1865. If you have a chance to go inside, there are some Depression-era murals painted by the Works Progress Administration.

Downtown

Now attaining the heart of downtown Jamaica, as Walt Whitman did in the 1850s. We will find a much different Jamaica than he did, however:

And so on to the village of Jamaica, which is composed mostly of one long street, which is nothing else than the turnpike. It is lined mostly by trees, which again have an inner lining of the same, sprinkled with shrubbery…. then there is Gov. John A. King’s residence unseeable from the road, through the impervious trees….

As you walk through the streets of Jamaica, every house seems either a store or a tavern. There are two newspapers, one by Mr. Brenton, otherwise “Dr. Franklin”, a good soul; and the Long Island Farmer. Jamaica has a large, old established Academy for Boys, “Union Hall,” and also an Academy for Girls … The infinitude of Jamaica stores and public houses allows an inference which is the truth, viz.: that farmers, travellers, marketmen, and other passengers on the turnpike through the vilage give it all its trade and retail business. It has no manufactories, and has not been what is called a “growing place” for many years, and probably will not be. –-Walt Whitman’s New York, New Amsterdam 1963

Detouring on 160th Street, you can see a contrast in the amazing awning of the Jamaica Business Resource Center at 90-33; La Casina, a nightclub/restaurant in a Streamlined Moderne style was built in 1933. A 1912 cornice is nearby, signifying the changes the Jazz Age wrought on building styles.

Jamaica Savings Bank, 161-02 Jamaica, is a NYC building on the NYC Register of Historic Places . The bank itself was founded by John Alsop King (see above) in 1866 and occupied property in this location since 1874, when a small frame building was constructed. The present Beaux-Arts structure (Hough and Deuell, architects) went up in 1898. The building is maked by pilasters (half-columns on a building exterior) and two ornamental balconies. The building’s future is uncertain as of June 2011; the bank moved across the street in 1964.

Next door at 161-04 is the Jamaica Center for Arts and Learning, built in 1898 (A.S. Macgregor, Architect), a NYC Landmark, originally the Jamaica Register Building. The Italian Renaissance building is a somewhat somber companion for the more exuberant Jamaica Savings Bank.

Many neighborhoods now have new street clocks construted in a classic style, but this one at Jamaica Avenue and Union Hall Street is the real McCoy. It originally stood at 161-11 Jamaica Avenue and was likely built around 1900. It was restored and moved to its present location in 1989, directly across the street from the former site of Gertz, one of Jamaica’s largest department stores. It too was declared a NYC Landmark in 1981 (and so can’t be legally removed).

Union Hall Street today is one of the few streets in downtown Jamaica that has retained its old name (here on a Beers Atlas plate in 1873) to the present day. I had previously suspected that the name was retained because of the prevalence of trade unions in New York City, but I was incorrect … as the map indicates, it preserves the name of the Union Hall Academy, opened in 1792, that occupied property on the street close to the Long Island Rail Road, in 1873 running on the surface at the present day Archer Avenue.

This photo, from the Queensborough Public Library, shows former buildings of the Academy, which had by then moved to the locale shown on the atlas plate.

In 1791, the prestigious Union Hall Academy was built in Jamaica Township by residents of the three towns of Queens. An amount of $2,000 was pledged for the construction of the academy and it was an immediate educational success. Within four years after the original construction of the academy, it required expansion. At that time, in addition to a regular staff, there were five assistants to the principal as well as a library and research facilities. Some of the educators were well known such as Henry Onderdonk, the famous Long Island historian who taught at Union Hall between 1832 and 1865.

In 1841, a fire nearly destroyed the academy while Walt Whitman was on the staff. As early as 1816, it became so popular that a female school was added to the standard academy. However, the rise of the public school system provided too much competition for the fashionable educational establishment. Although other schools were being built such as the Maple Hall Institute, a private boarding school for boys, the Union Hall Academy was closed in 1873. — Kathleen Lonetto, Long Island Heritage

A Conway chain store facade has now erased the last traces of the formerly grand Gertz Department Store, which formerly occupied this building on the south side of Jamaica Avenue between Union Hall Street and Guy Brewer Boulevard. The store, established by Benjamin Gertz as a stationery store in 1918, lasted until 1981 when it was consolidated under the Stern’s banner and later, the Macy’s flagship banner. The Gertz Mall had opened in 1988.

I made my one and only visit to Gertz in September 1968 — it was quite a road trip for our Bay Ridge family. We must have trundled out on the J train, a rarely plumbed line for western Brooklyners. My father was in search of a large furniture wall unit –successfully, since he kept it till he died in 2003. I recall that my first purchase of a Brooklyn Hagstrom map happened here. I also remember him repeatedly sending the steak back at a neighboring eatery. Too much pink.

It must have galled both Gertz and J. Kurtz & Sons that two retailers with such similar names were close neighbors. The joyfully Art Deco building at the corner of Brewer Blvd. and Jamaica Avenue went up in 1931 (architects Allmendinger & Schlendorf –easy for them to say). It was designated a NYC Landmark in 1981. Kurtz distinguished itself from Gertz by specializing in furniture. Jacob Kurtz had founded the company in 1870, and the furniture store occupied the building until 1978, coinidentally the same year the Jamaica el closed (it was rerouted under Archer Avenue in 1988).

Guy R. Brewer Boulevard, which runs from Jamaica Avenue south to Rockaway Boulevard at Kennedy Airport, is one of eastern Queens’ oldest roads. On mid-19th Century maps it shows up as New York Avenue, became New York Boulevard by the 1920s, and was renamed along its entire length for 5-term State Assemblyman Brewer in 1982.

Advertised as “Jamaica’s Largest Playhouse,” the Merrick Theatre had its grand opening on January 15th, 1921, with a two-day engagement of Paramount’s “Conrad in Quest of His Youth,” starring Thomas Meighan. The feature movies were presented with live prologues with “concert soloists and scenic effects.” Music for the entire program, including short subjects and a newsreel, was played by a symphony-sized orchestra, supplemented by a “magnificent” pipe organ. The Merrick had a complete change of show every Monday, Thursday, and Saturday. Its next feature attraction was Paramount’s “Life of the Party,” with Roscoe (Fatty) Arbuckle. cinematreasures

Queens is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Queens County, in the U.S. state of New York. It is the largest borough of New York City in area, and is bracketed by the borough of Brooklyn at the western end of Long Island to its west^[5] and Nassau County to the east. Queens also shares water borders with the boroughs of Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island (via the Rockaways).

With a population of 2,405,464 as of the 2020 census,^[3] Queens is the second-largest in population of the five New York City boroughs, after Brooklyn. Were it a city, Queens would rank behind only Los Angeles and Chicago as the third most-populous in the U.S.. Approximately 47 percent of the residents of Queens are foreign-born.^[6] Queens County also is the second-most-populous county in New York State, behind Kings County. Queens is the most linguistically diverse place on Earth and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States.^[7][8][9]

Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of the Province of New York. The settlement was presumably named for the English Queen Catherine of Braganza (1638–1705).^[10][11] From 1683 to 1899, the County of Queens included what is now Nassau County. Queens became a borough during the consolidation of New York City in 1898, combining the separate towns of Long Island City, Newtown, Flushing, Jamaica, and western Hempstead.^[12] With the exception of Hempstead, all are today considered neighborhoods of Queens.

Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City.^[13] It is home to two of New York City's airports: John F. Kennedy and LaGuardia. Landmarks in Queens which support its economy include Flushing Meadows–Corona Park; Citi Field, home to the New York Mets baseball team; the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, site of the U.S. Open tennis tournament; Kaufman Astoria Studios; Silvercup Studios; and the Aqueduct Racetrack. Flushing is undergoing rapid gentrification with investment by Chinese transnational entities,^[14] while Long Island City is undergoing gentrification secondary to its proximity across the East River from Manhattan.

The borough has diverse housing, ranging from high-rise apartment buildings in some areas of western and central Queens, such as Ozone Park, Jackson Heights, Flushing, Astoria, and Long Island City, to neighborhoods with many low-rise structures in the eastern part of the borough.^[15][16]

History[edit]

Colonial and post-colonial history[edit]

The first European settlement in the region were the Dutch, who established the colony of New Netherland. The first settlements were established in 1635 followed by further settlement at Maspeth in 1642 (ultimately unsuccessful),^[17] and Vlissingen (now Flushing) in 1645.^[18] Other early settlements included Newtown (now Elmhurst) in 1652 and Jamaica in 1655. However, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island (Suffolk County) who were subject to Dutch law.^[19] After the capture of the colony by the English and its subsequent renaming as New York in 1664, the area (and all of Long Island) became known as Yorkshire.^{[20]: xi–xii}

The Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitution's provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities' persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens.

Originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was an original county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1, 1683.^{[20]: 121–122} The county is assumed to have been named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time (she was Portugal's royal princess Catarina, daughter of King John IV of Portugal).^[11][10] The county was founded alongside Kings County (Brooklyn, which was named after her husband, King Charles II), and Richmond County (Staten Island, named after his illegitimate son, the 1st Duke of Richmond).^[21][22][23] However, the namesake is disputed. While Catherine's title seems the most likely namesake, no historical evidence of official declaration has been found.^[24] On October 7, 1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined. Queens gained North and South Brother Islands as well as Huletts Island (today known as Rikers Island).^[20]: 268 On December 3, 1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county but that did not abut on Westchester County (today's Bronx County).^{[20]: 1062–1063}

Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of what became New York City and Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, the public inns and uninhabited buildings belonging to Queens residents. Even though many residents opposed unannounced quartering, they supported the British crown. The quartering of soldiers in private homes, except in times of war, was banned by the Third Amendment to the United States Constitution. Nathan Hale was captured by the British on the shore of Flushing Bay and hanged in Manhattan.

From 1683 until 1784, Queens County consisted of five towns: Flushing, Hempstead, Jamaica, Newtown, and Oyster Bay. On April 6, 1784, a sixth town, the Town of North Hempstead, was formed through secession by the northern portions of the Town of Hempstead.^[25][26] The seat of the county government was located first in Jamaica,^[27] but the courthouse was torn down by the British during the American Revolution to use the materials to build barracks.^[28] After the war, various buildings in Jamaica temporarily served as courthouse and jail until a new building was erected about 1787 (and later completed) in an area near Mineola (now in Nassau County) known then as Clowesville.^{[29][30][31][32]}

The 1850 United States census was the first in which the population of the three western towns exceeded that of the three eastern towns that are now part of Nassau County. Concerns were raised about the condition and distance of the old courthouse, and several sites were in contention for the construction of a new one.^[33]

In 1870, Long Island City split from the Town of Newtown, incorporating itself as a city, consisting of what had been the village of Astoria and some unincorporated areas within the town of Newtown. Around 1874, the seat of county government was moved to Long Island City from Mineola.^{[34][35][36][37]}

On March 1, 1860, the eastern border between Queens County (later Nassau County) and Suffolk County was redefined with no discernible change.^[38] On June 8, 1881, North Brother Island was transferred to New York County.^[39] On May 8, 1884, Rikers Island was transferred to New York County.^[40]

In 1886, Lloyd's Neck, which was then part of the town of Oyster Bay and had earlier been known as Queens Village, was set off and separated from Queens County and annexed to the town of Huntington in Suffolk County.^[41][42][43] On April 16, 1964, South Brother Island was transferred to Bronx County.^[44]

Incorporation as borough[edit]

The New York City borough of Queens was authorized on May 4, 1897, by a vote of the New York State Legislature after an 1894 referendum on consolidation.^[45] The eastern 280 square miles (730 km²) of Queens that became Nassau County was partitioned on January 1, 1899.^[46] Queens Borough was established on January 1, 1898.^[47][48][31]

'The city of Long Island City, the towns of Newtown, Flushing and Jamaica, and that part of the town of Hempstead, in the county of Queens, which is westerly of a straight line drawn through the middle of the channel between Rockaway Beach and Shelter Island, in the county of Queens, to the Atlantic Ocean' was annexed to New York City,^[12] dissolving all former municipal governments (Long Island City, the county government, all towns, and all villages) within the new borough.^[49] The areas of Queens County that were not part of the consolidation plan,^{[36][50][51][52][53][54][55]} consisting of the towns of North Hempstead and Oyster Bay, and the major remaining portion of the Town of Hempstead, remained part of Queens County until they seceded to form the new Nassau County on January 1, 1899. At this point, the boundaries of Queens County and the Borough of Queens became coterminous. With consolidation, Jamaica once again became the county seat, though county offices now extend to nearby Kew Gardens also.^[56]

In 1899, New York City conducted a land survey to determine the exact border of Queens between the Rockaways and Lawrence. This proved difficult because the border was defined as 'middle of the channel between Rockaway Beach and Shelter Island' (now called Long Beach Island), and that particular channel had closed up by 1899. The surveyors had to determine where the channel had been when the consolidation law was written in 1894. The surveyors did so in part by speaking with local fishermen and oystermen who knew the area well.^[55]

From 1905 to 1908 the Long Island Rail Road in Queens became electrified. Transportation to and from Manhattan, previously by ferry or via bridges in Brooklyn, opened up with the Queensboro Bridge finished in 1909, and with railway tunnels under the East River in 1910. From 1915 onward, much of Queens was connected to the New York City Subway system.^[29][57] With the 1915 construction of the Steinway Tunnel carrying the IRT Flushing Line between Queens and Manhattan, and the robust expansion of the use of the automobile, the population of Queens more than doubled in the 1920s, from 469,042 in 1920 to 1,079,129 in 1930.^[58]

In later years, Queens was the site of the 1939 New York World's Fair and the 1964 New York World's Fair. LaGuardia Airport, in northern Queens, opened in 1939. Idlewild Airport, in southern Queens and now called JFK Airport, opened in 1948. In one of several notable incidents, TWA Flight 800 took off from the airport on July 17, 1996. In another, American Airlines Flight 587 took off from the latter airport on November 12, 2001, but ended up crashing in Queens' Belle Harbor area, killing 265 people. In late October 2012, much of Queens' Breezy Point area was destroyed by a massive six-alarm fire caused by Hurricane Sandy.

Geography[edit]

Queens is located on the far western portion of geographic Long Island and includes a few smaller islands, most of which are in Jamaica Bay, forming part of the Gateway National Recreation Area, which in turn is one of the National Parks of New York Harbor.^[60] According to the United States Census Bureau, Queens County has a total area of 178 square miles (460 km²), of which 109 square miles (280 km²) is land and 70 square miles (180 km²) (39%) is water.^[61]

Brooklyn, the only other New York City borough on geographic Long Island, lies just south and west of Queens, with Newtown Creek, an estuary that flows into the East River, forming part of the border. To the west and north is the East River, across which is Manhattan to the west and The Bronx to the north. Nassau County is east of Queens on Long Island. Staten Island is southwest of Brooklyn, and shares only a three-mile-long water border (in the Outer Bay) with Queens. North of Queens are Flushing Bay and the Flushing River, connecting to the East River. The East River opens into Long Island Sound. The midsection of Queens is crossed by the Long Island straddling terminal moraine created by the Wisconsin Glacier. The Rockaway Peninsula, the southernmost part of all of Queens, sits between Jamaica Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, featuring 7 miles (11 km) of beaches.^[62][63][64]

Climate[edit]

Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 32 °F (0 °C) coldest month (January) isotherm, Queens and the rest of New York City have a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with partial shielding from the Appalachian Mountains and moderating influences from the Atlantic Ocean. Queens receives precipitation throughout the year, with an average of 44.8 inches (114 cm) per year. In an average year, there will be 44 days with either moderate or heavy rain.^[65]

An average winter will have 22 days with some snowfall, of which nine days have at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snowfall.^[65] Summer is typically hot, humid, and wet. An average year will have 17 days with a high temperature of 90 °F (32 °C) or warmer.^[65] In an average year, there are 14 days on which the temperature does not go above 32 °F (0 °C) all day.^[65] Spring and autumn can vary from chilly to very warm.

The highest temperature ever recorded at LaGuardia Airport was 107 °F (42 °C) on July 3, 1966.^[66][65] The highest temperature ever recorded at John F. Kennedy International Airport was 104 °F (40 °C), also on July 3, 1966.^[66][67] LaGuardia Airport's record-low temperature was −7 °F (−22 °C) on February 15, 1943, the effect of which was exacerbated by a shortage of heating oil and coal.^[65][68] John F. Kennedy International Airport's record-low temperature was −2 °F (−19 °C), on February 8, 1963, and January 21, 1985.^[67][69][70] On January 24, 2016, 30.5 inches (77 cm) of snow fell, which is the record in Queens.^[71]

Tornadoes are generally rare; the most recent tornado, an EF0, touched down in College Point on August 3, 2018, causing minor damage.^[72] Before that, there was a tornado in Breezy Point on September 8, 2012, which damaged the roofs of some homes,<^[73] and an EF1 tornado in Flushing on September 26, 2010.^[74]

Neighborhoods[edit]

Four United States Postal Service postal zones serve Queens, based roughly on those serving the towns in existence at the consolidation of the five boroughs into New York City: Long Island City (ZIP codes starting with 111), Jamaica (114), Flushing (113), and Far Rockaway (116). Also, the Floral Park post office (110), based in Nassau County, serves a small part of northeastern Queens. Each of these main post offices has neighborhood stations with individual ZIP codes, and unlike the other boroughs, these station names are often used in addressing letters. These ZIP codes do not always reflect traditional neighborhood names and boundaries; 'East Elmhurst', for example, was largely coined by the USPS and is not an official community. Most neighborhoods have no solid boundaries. The Forest Hills and Rego Park neighborhoods, for instance, overlap.

Residents of Queens often closely identify with their neighborhood rather than with the borough or city. The borough is a patchwork of dozens of unique neighborhoods, each with its own distinct identity:

1. Flushing, one of the largest neighborhoods in Queens, has a large and growing Asian community. The community consists of Chinese, Koreans, and South Asians. Asians have now expanded eastward along the Northern Boulevard axis through Murray Hill, Whitestone, Bayside, Douglaston–Little Neck, and eventually into adjacent Nassau County.^[80][81] These neighborhoods historically contained Italian Americans and Greeks, as well as Latino Americans. The busy intersection of Main Street, Kissena Boulevard, and 41st Avenue defines the center of Downtown Flushing and the Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠), known as the 'Chinese Times Square' or the 'Chinese Manhattan'.^[82][83] The segment of Main Street between Kissena Boulevard and Roosevelt Avenue, punctuated by the Long Island Rail Roadtrestle overpass, represents the cultural heart of the Flushing Chinatown. Housing over 25,000 individuals born in China alone, Flushing has become home to one of the largest Chinatowns, representing the largest Chinese population of any U.S. municipality other than New York City in total.^[84]
2. Howard Beach, Whitestone, and Middle Village are home to large Italian American populations.
3. Ozone Park and South Ozone Park have large Italian, Hispanic, and Guyanese populations.
4. Rockaway Beach has a large Irish American population.
5. Astoria, in the northwest, is traditionally home to one of the largest Greek populations outside Greece. It also has large Spanish American and Italian American communities, and is home to a growing population of immigrants from the Middle East, South Asia, the Balkans as well as young professionals from Manhattan. Nearby Long Island City is a major commercial center and the home to Queensbridge, the largest housing project in North America.
6. Maspeth and Ridgewood are home to many Eastern European immigrants such as Romanian, Polish, Serbian, Albanian, and other Slavic populations. Ridgewood also has a large Hispanic population.
7. Jackson Heights and Elmhurst make up a conglomeration of Hispanic, Asian, Tibetan, and South Asian communities. Jackson Heights is also known as 'Little Colombia' thanks to the gastronomical and demographic impact of Colombian people.^[85]
8. Woodside is home to a large Filipino American community and has a 'Little Manila' as well a large Irish American population. Many Filipino Americans live in Hollis and Queens Village.
9. Richmond Hill, in the south, is often thought of as 'Little Guyana' for its large Guyanese community,^[86] as well as Punjab Avenue (ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਵੇਨਿਊ), or Little Punjab, for its high concentration of Punjabi people.
10. Rego Park, Forest Hills, Kew Gardens, and Kew Gardens Hills have traditionally large Jewish populations (historically from Germany and Eastern Europe; though more recent immigrants are from Israel, Iran, and the former Soviet Union). These neighborhoods are also known for large and growing Asian communities, mainly immigrants from China.
11. Jamaica Estates, Jamaica Hills, Hillcrest, Fresh Meadows, and Hollis Hills are also populated with many people of Jewish background. Many Asian families reside in parts of Fresh Meadows as well.
12. Jamaica is home to large African American, Caribbean, and Central American populations. There are also middle-class African American and Caribbean neighborhoods such as Saint Albans, Queens Village, Cambria Heights, Springfield Gardens, Rosedale, Laurelton, and Briarwood along east and southeast Queens.
13. Bellerose and Floral Park, originally home to many Irish Americans, is home to a growing South Asian population, predominantly Indian Americans.
14. Corona and Corona Heights, once considered the 'Little Italy' of Queens, was a predominantly Italian community with a strong African American community in the northern portion of Corona and adjacent East Elmhurst. From the 1920s through the 1960s, Corona remained a close-knit neighborhood. Corona today has the highest concentration of Latinos of any Queens neighborhood, with an increasing Chinese American population, located between Elmhurst and Flushing.^[87]

Demographics[edit]

At the 2020 census, 2,405,464 people lived in Queens. In 2018's American Community Survey, the population of Queens was estimated by the United States Census Bureau to have increased to 2,278,906, a rise of 2.2%. Queens' estimated population represented 27.1% of New York City's population of 8,398,748; 29.6% of Long Island's population of 7,701,172; and 11.7% of New York State's population of 19,542,209. The 2019 estimates reported a decline to 2,253,858.^[96]'2019 ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates Program'. data.census.gov. Retrieved February 9, 2021.</ref> In 2018, there were 865,878 housing units, and 777,904 households, 2.97 persons per household, and a median value of $481,300. There was an owner-occupancy rate of 44.5.^[96] In the 2010 United States census, Queens recorded a population of 2,230,722. There were 780,117 households enumerated, with an average of 2.82 persons per household. The population density was 20,465.3 inhabitants per square mile (7,966.9/km²). There were 835,127 housing units at an average density of 7,661.7 per square mile (2,982.6/km²).

The racial makeup of the county in 2010 was 39.7% White, 19.1% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 22.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 12.9% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races. A total of 27.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latin American of any race. The non-Hispanic white population was 27.6%.^[97] In 2019, non-Hispanic whites made up an estimated 24.4% of the population, and Blacks or African Americans were 17.3%.^[96] The largest minority groups for the borough were Hispanic and Latin Americans (28.2%), and Asians (26.0%).

In Queens, residents consisted of 6.2% under 5, 13.9% 6-18, 64.2% 19–64, and 15.7% over 65. Females made up 51.5% of the population. An estimated 47.5% of residents are foreign-born in 2018. The per capita income was $28,814, and the median household income was $62,008. In 2018, 12.2% of residents lived below the poverty line.

The New York City Department of City Planning was alarmed by the negligible reported increase in population between 2000 and 2010. Areas with high proportions of immigrants and undocumented aliens are traditionally undercounted for a variety of reasons, often based on a mistrust of government officials or an unwillingness to be identified. In many cases, counts of vacant apartment units did not match data from local surveys and reports from property owners.^[100]

Ethnic groups[edit]

According to a 2001 Claritas study, Queens was the most diverse county in the United States among counties of 100,000+ population.^[101] A 2014 analysis by The Atlantic found Queens County to be the 3rd most racially diverse county-equivalent in the United States—behind Aleutians West Census Area and Aleutians East Borough in Alaska—as well as the most diverse county in New York.^[8] Meanwhile, a 2017 study by Axios found that, although numerous smaller counties in the United States had higher rates of diversity, Queens was the United States' most diverse populous county.^[9]

In Queens, approximately 48.5% of the population was foreign born as of 2010. Within the foreign born population, 49.5% were born in Latin America, 33.5% in Asia, 14.8% in Europe, 1.8% in Africa, and 0.4% in North America. Roughly 2.1% of the population was born in Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, or abroad to American parents. In addition, 51.2% of the population was born in the United States. Approximately 44.2% of the population over 5 years of age speak English at home; 23.8% speak Spanish at home. Also, 16.8% of the populace speak other Indo-European languages at home. Another 13.5% speak a non-Indo-European Asian language or language of the Pacific Islands at home.^[102]

Among the Asian population in 2010, people of Chinese ethnicity made up the largest ethnic group at 10.2% of Queens' population, with about 237,484 people; the other East and Southeast Asian groups are: Koreans (2.9%), Filipinos (1.7%), Japanese (0.3%), Thais (0.2%), Vietnamese (0.2%), and Indonesians and Burmese both make up 0.1% of the population.^[103] People of South Asian descent made up 7.8% of Queens' population: Indians (5.3%), Bangladeshi (1.5%), Pakistanis (0.7%), and Nepali (0.2%).^[103] In 2019, Chinese Americans remained the largest Asian ethnicity (10.9%) followed by Asian Indians (5.7%).^[96] Asian Indians had estimated population of 144,896 in 2014 (6.24% of the 2014 borough population),^[104] as well as Pakistani Americans, who numbered at 15,604.^[105] Queens has the second largest Sikh population in the nation after California.^[106]

Among the Hispanic or Latin American population, Puerto Ricans made up the largest ethnic group at 4.6%, next to Mexicans, who made up 4.2% of the population, and Dominicans at 3.9%. Central Americans made up 2.4% and are mostly Salvadorans. South Americans constitute 9.6% of Queens's population, mainly of Ecuadorian (4.4%) and Colombian descent (4.2%).^[103] The 2019 American Community Survey estimated Mexicans and Puerto Ricans were equally the largest groups (4.5% each) in Queens, and Cuban Americans were the third largest single group. Other Hispanic and Latinos collectively made up 18.9% of the population.^[96] The Hispanic or Latino population increased by 61% to 597,773 between 1990 and 2006 and now accounts for over 26.5% of the borough's population.

Queens has the largest Colombian population in the city, accounting for over 35.6% of the city's total Colombian population, for a total of 145,956 in 2019;^[85] it also has the largest Ecuadorian population in the city, accounting for 62.2% of the city's total Ecuadorian population, for a total of 101,339. Queens has the largest Peruvian population in the city, accounting for 69.9% of the city's total Peruvian population, for a total of 30,825. Queens has the largest Salvadoran population in the city, accounting for 50.7% of the city for a total population of 25,235. The Mexican population in Queens has increased 45.7% since 2011 to 71,283, the second-highest in the city, after Brooklyn.^[107]

Queens is also home to 49.6% of the city's Asian population. Among the five boroughs, Queens has the largest population of Chinese, Indian, Korean, Filipino, Bangladeshi and Pakistani Americans. Queens has the largest Asian American population by county outside the Western United States; according to the 2006 American Community Survey, Queens ranks fifth among US counties with 477,772 (21.18%) Asian Americans, behind Los Angeles County, California, Honolulu County, Hawaii, Santa Clara County, California, and Orange County, California.

Some main European ancestries in Queens as of 2000 include: Italian (8.4%), Irish (5.5%), German (3.5%), Polish (2.7%), Russian (2.3%), and Greek (2.0%). Of the European American population, Queens has the third largest Bosnian population in the United States behind only St. Louis and Chicago, numbering more than 15,000.^[108]

The Jewish Community Study of New York 2011, sponsored by the UJA-Federation of New York, found that about 9% of Queens residents were Jews.^[109] In 2011, there were about 198,000 Jews in Queens, making it home to about 13% of all people in Jewish households in the eight-county area consisting of the Five Boroughs and Westchester, Nassau, and Suffolk counties.^[109] Russian-speaking Jews make up 28% of the Jewish population in Queens, the largest in any of the eight counties.^[110]

In Queens, the Black and African American population earns more than non-Hispanic whites on average.^[111] Many of these Blacks and African Americans live in quiet, middle-class suburban neighborhoods near the Nassau County border, such as Laurelton and Cambria Heights which have large black populations whose family income is higher than average. The migration of European Americans from parts of Queens has been long ongoing with departures from Ozone Park, Woodhaven, Bellerose, Floral Park, and Flushing (most of the outgoing population has been replaced with Asian Americans). Neighborhoods such as Whitestone, College Point, North Flushing, Auburndale, Bayside, Middle Village, and Douglaston–Little Neck have not had a substantial exodus of white residents, but have seen an increase of Asian population, mostly Chinese and Korean. Queens has experienced a real estate boom making most of its neighborhoods desirable for people who want to reside near Manhattan but in a less urban setting.

Languages[edit]

According to the office of the New York State Comptroller in 2000, 138 languages are spoken in the borough.^[112] Another survey, in 2010, by the Modern Language Association, found that – of those over the age of five residing in Queens – 56.16% spoke a language other than English in the home.

Religion[edit]

In 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Queens was the Diocese of Brooklyn, with 677,520 Roman Catholics worshiping at 100 parishes, followed by an estimated 81,456 Muslims with 57 congregations, 80,000 Orthodox Jews with 110 congregations, 33,325 non-denominational Christian adherents with 129 congregations, 28,085 AME Methodists with 14 congregations, 24,250 Greek Orthodox with 6 congregations, 16,775 Hindus with 18 congregations, 13,989 AoG Pentecostals with 64 congregations, 13,507 Seventh-day Adventists with 45 congregations, and 12,957 Mahayana Buddhists with 26 congregations. Altogether, 49.4% of the population was claimed as members by religious congregations, although members of historically African American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information.^[113] In 2014, Queens had 738 religious organizations, the thirteenth most out of all U.S. counties.^[114]

Culture[edit]

Queens has been the center of the punk rock movement, particularly in New York; Ramones originated out of Forest Hills,^[115] it has also been the home of such notable artists as Tony Bennett, Francis Ford Coppola, Paul Simon, and Robert Mapplethorpe.

Queens Poet Laureates (generally, 3-year appointments):

• 1997–2001: Stephen Stepanchev (inaugural Poet Laureate)
• 2001–2004: Hal Sirowitz (born 1949)
• 2004–2007: Ishle Yi Park
• 2007–2010: Julio Marzan
• 2010–2014: Paolo Javier
• 2015–2019: Maria Lisella^[116]

Queens has notably fostered African American culture, with establishments such as The Afrikan Poetry Theatre and the Black Spectrum Theater Company catering specifically to African Americans in Queens.^[117][118] In the 1940s, Queens was an important center of jazz; such jazz luminaries as Louis Armstrong, Charlie Parker, and Ella Fitzgerald took up residence in Queens, seeking refuge from the segregation they found elsewhere in New York.^[119] Additionally, many notable hip-hop acts hail from Queens, including Nas, Run-D.M.C., Kool G Rap, A Tribe Called Quest, LL Cool J, MC Shan, Mobb Deep, 50 Cent, Nicki Minaj, Tony Yayo, Tragedy Khadafi, N.O.R.E., Capone (rapper), Ja Rule, Heems of Das Racist and Action Bronson.

Queens hosts various museums and cultural institutions that serve its diverse communities. They range from the historical (such as the John Bowne House) to the scientific (such as the New York Hall of Science), from conventional art galleries (such as the Noguchi Museum) to unique graffiti exhibits (such as 5 Pointz). Queens's cultural institutions include, but are not limited to:

The travel magazine Lonely Planet also named Queens the top destination in the country for 2015 for its cultural and culinary diversity.^[120] Stating that Queens is 'quickly becoming its hippest' but that 'most travelers haven't clued in... yet,'^[121] the Lonely Planet stated that 'nowhere is the image of New York as the global melting pot truer than Queens.'^[122]

Food[edit]

The cuisine available in Queens reflects its vast cultural diversity.^[123] The cuisine of a particular neighborhood often represents its demographics; for example, Astoria hosts many Greek restaurants, in keeping with its traditionally Greek population.^[124]Jackson Heights is known for its prominent Indian cuisine and also many Latin American eateries.^[125]

The Queens Night Market in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, operating on Sundays from April to October starting in 2015, contains samples of food from dozens of countries.^[126]

Economy[edit]

Queens has the second-largest economy of New York City's five boroughs, following Manhattan. In 2004, Queens had 15.2% (440,310) of all private-sector jobs in New York City and 8.8% of private-sector wages. In 2012, private-sector employment increased to 486,160.^[127] Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs, with occupations spread relatively evenly across the health care, retail trade, manufacturing, construction, transportation, and film and television production sectors, such that no single sector is overwhelmingly dominant.^[13]

The diversification in Queens' economy is reflected in a large amount of employment in the export-oriented portions of its economy—such as transportation, manufacturing, and business services—that serve customers outside the region. This accounts for more than 27% of all Queens jobs and offers an average salary of $43,727, 14% greater than that of jobs in the locally oriented sector.

The borough's largest employment sector—trade, transportation, and utilities—accounted for nearly 30% of all jobs in 2004; in 2012, its largest employment sector became health care and social services.^[127] Queens is home to two of the three major New York City area airports, JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, leading the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country. This airline industry is particularly important to the economy of Queens, providing almost one-quarter of the sector's employment and more than 30% of the sector's wages.

Education and health services were the next largest sector in Queens and comprised almost 24% of the borough's jobs in 2004; in 2012, transportation and warehousing, and retail were the second largest at 12% each.^[127] The manufacturing and construction industries in Queens are among the largest of the city and accounted for nearly 17% of the borough's private sector jobs in 2004. Comprising almost 17% of the jobs in Queens is the information, financial activities, and business and professional services sectors in 2004.

As of 2003, Queens had almost 40,000 business establishments. Small businesses act as an important part of the borough's economic vitality with two-thirds of all businesses employing between one and four people.

Several large companies have their headquarters in Queens, including watchmaker Bulova, based in East Elmhurst; internationally renowned piano manufacturer Steinway & Sons in Astoria; Glacéau, the makers of Vitamin Water, headquartered in Whitestone; and JetBlue Airways, an airline based in Long Island City.

Long Island City is a major manufacturing and back-office center. Flushing is a major commercial hub for Chinese American and Korean American businesses, while Jamaica is the major civic and transportation hub for the borough.

Sports[edit]

Citi Field is a 41,922-seat stadium opened in April 2009 in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park that is the home ballpark of the New York Mets of Major League Baseball.^[129]Shea Stadium, the former home of the Mets and the New York Jets of the National Football League, as well as the temporary home of the New York Yankees and the New York Giants Football Team stood where Citi Field's parking lot is now located, operating from 1964 to 2008.^[130]

The U.S. Open tennis tournament has been played since 1978 at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, located just south of Citi Field.^[131] With a capacity of 23,771, Arthur Ashe Stadium is the biggest tennis stadium in the world.^[132] The U.S .Open was formerly played at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills.^[133]South Ozone Park is the home of Aqueduct Racetrack, operated by the New York Racing Association and offers Thoroughbred horse-racing from late October/early November through April.^[134]Belmont Park Racetrack is mostly in Nassau County; however, a section of the property, including the Belmont Park station on the Long Island Rail Road, is in Queens.

Government[edit]

Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, Queens has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a strong mayor–council system. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in Queens. The Queens Library is governed by a 19-member Board of Trustees, appointed by the Mayor of New York City and the Borough President of Queens.

Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Queens' Borough President is Melinda Katz, elected in November 2013 as a Democrat with 80.3% of the vote. Queens Borough Hall is the seat of government and is located in Kew Gardens.

The Democratic Party holds most public offices. Sixty-three percent of registered Queens voters are Democrats. Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and economic development. Controversial political issues in Queens include development, noise, and the cost of housing.

Each of the city's five counties has its criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Richard A. Brown, who ran on both the Republican and Democratic Party tickets, was the District Attorney of Queens County from 1991 to 2018. The new DA as of January 2020 is Melinda Katz.^[139] Queens has 12 seats on the New York City Council, the second-largest number among the five boroughs. It is divided into 14 community districts, each served by a local Community Board. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for residents.

Although Queens is heavily Democratic, it is considered a swing county in New York politics. Republican political candidates who do well in Queens usually win citywide or statewide elections. Republicans such as former Mayors Rudolph Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg won majorities in Queens. Republican State Senator Serphin Maltese represented a district in central and southern Queens for twenty years until his defeat in 2008 by Democratic City Councilman Joseph Addabbo, Jr. In 2002, Queens voted against incumbent Republican Governor of New YorkGeorge Pataki in favor of his Democratic opponent, Carl McCall by a slim margin.^[140]

On the national level, Queens has not voted for a Republican candidate in a presidential election since 1972, when Queens voters chose Richard Nixon over George McGovern. Since the 1996 presidential election, Democratic presidential candidates have received over 70% of the popular vote in Queens.^[141] Since the election of Donald Trump, Queens has become known in the United States for its surge in progressive politics and grassroots campaigning.^[142]

Representatives in Congress[edit]

In 2018, seven Democrats represented Queens in the United States House of Representatives.^[143]

• Thomas Suozzi (first elected in 2016) represents New York's 3rd congressional district, which covers the northeast Queens neighborhoods of Little Neck, Whitestone, Glen Oaks, and Floral Park. The district also covers the North Shore of Nassau County.^[143]
• Gregory Meeks (first elected in 1998) represents New York's 5th congressional district, which covers the entire Rockaway Peninsula as well as the southeast Queens neighborhoods of Broad Channel, Cambria Heights, Hollis, Jamaica, Laurelton, Queens Village, Rosedale, Saint Albans, Springfield Gardens, and South Ozone Park. The district also includes John F. Kennedy International Airport.^[143]
• Grace Meng (first elected in 2012) represents New York's 6th congressional district, which includes the central and eastern Queens neighborhoods of Auburndale, Bayside, Elmhurst, Flushing, Forest Hills, Glendale, Kew Gardens, Maspeth, Middle Village, Murray Hill, and Rego Park.^[143]
• Nydia Velázquez (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 7th congressional district, which includes the southwest Queens neighborhoods of Maspeth, Ridgewood, and Woodhaven. The district also covers central and western Brooklyn and the Lower East Side of Manhattan.^[143]
• Hakeem Jeffries (first elected in 2012) represents New York's 8th congressional district, which includes the southwest Queens neighborhoods of Ozone Park and Howard Beach. The district also covers central and southern Brooklyn.^[143]
• Carolyn Maloney (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 12th congressional district, which includes the western Queens neighborhoods of Astoria, Long Island City, Sunnyside, and Maspeth. The district also covers the East Side of Manhattan.^[143]
• Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (first elected in 2018) represents New York's 14th congressional district, which includes the northwest Queens neighborhoods of Astoria, College Point, Corona, East Elmhurst, Jackson Heights, Woodside, and Elmhurst. The district also covers the East Bronx.^[143]

Education[edit]

Elementary and secondary education[edit]

Elementary and secondary school education in Queens is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States. Most private schools are affiliated with or identify themselves with the Roman Catholic or Jewish religious communities. Townsend Harris High School is a Queens public magnet high school for the humanities consistently ranked as among the top 100 high schools in the United States. One of the nine Specialized High Schools in New York City is located in Queens. Located in the York College, City University of New York Campus in Jamaica, the Queens High School for the Sciences at York College, which emphasizes both science and mathematics, ranks as one of the best high schools in both the state and the country. It is one of the smallest Specialized High Schools that requires an entrance exam, the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test. The school has a student body of around 400 students.

Postsecondary institutions[edit]

• LaGuardia Community College, part of the City University of New York (CUNY), is known as 'The World's Community College' for its diverse international student body representing more than 150 countries and speaking over 100 languages. The college has been named a National Institution of Excellence by the Policy Center on the First Year of College. In a 2003 benchmark survey, in the Large Community College category (8,000–14,999 students), LaGuardia was one of three community colleges ranked number one, nationally.^[144] The college hosts the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives.
• Queens College is one of the elite colleges in the CUNY system. Established in 1937 to offer a strong liberal arts education to the residents of the borough, Queens College has over 16,000 students including more than 12,000 undergraduates and over 4,000 graduate students. Students from 120 different countries speaking 66 different languages are enrolled at the school, which is located in Flushing. Queens College is also the host of CUNY's law school. The Queens College Campus is also the home of Townsend Harris High School and the Queens College School for Math, Science, and Technology (PS/IS 499).
• Queensborough Community College, originally part of the State University of New York, is in Bayside and is now part of CUNY. It prepares students to attend senior colleges mainly in the CUNY system.
• St. John's University is a private, coeducational Roman Catholic university founded in 1870 by the Vincentian Fathers. With over 19,000 students, St. John's is known for its pharmacy, business and law programs as well as its men's basketball and soccer teams.
• Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology is a private, cutting edge, degree-granting institution located across the Grand Central Parkway from LaGuardia Airport. Its presence underscores the importance of aviation to the Queens economy.
• York College is one of CUNY's leading general-purpose liberal arts colleges, granting bachelor's degrees in more than 40 fields, as well as a combined BS/MS degree in Occupational Therapy. Noted for its Health Sciences Programs York College is also home to the Northeast Regional Office of the Food and Drug Administration.

Queens Public Library[edit]

The Queens Public Library is the public library system for the borough and one of three library systems serving New York City. Dating back to the foundation of the first Queens library in Flushing in 1858, the Queens Public Library is one of the largest public library systems in the United States. Separate from the New York Public Library, it is composed of 63 branches throughout the borough. In the fiscal year 2001, the Library achieved a circulation of 16.8 million. The Library has maintained the highest circulation of any city library in the country since 1985 and the highest circulation of any library in the nation since 1987. The Library maintains collections in many languages, including Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Russian, Haitian Creole, Polish, and six Indic languages, as well as smaller collections in 19 other languages.

Transportation[edit]

According to 2011–2015 ACS Microdata, 38% of Queens households did not own a car; the citywide rate is 55%.^[145]

Vehicles for hire[edit]

As of 2019, the city had about 80,000 for-hire vehicles, of which, two-thirds were ride-hail – Uber, Lyft, Via, and Juno.^[146] Until the Covid-19 pandemic, the ride-hail car offered a ride-share option. There are about 13,500 traditional taxis (yellow cabs with medallions) in the city, 7,676 boro taxis, 38,791 black cars, 21,932 livery cars, 288 commuter vans, and 2,206 paratransit vehicles.

Roundtrip car sharing[edit]

Zipcar, and others, entered New York City market in 2002 offering roundtripcar sharing from private locations, mostly from parking garages. In 2018, the city partnered with the roundtrip car share companies, led by Zipcar, to launch the nation's larges on-street car-sharing program with the greatest take-up in The Bronx and in Queens – Jackson Heights, Jamaica, and Far Rockaway.^{[147][148][149][150][151]} In 2020, during beginning throes of the COVID-19 pandemic, Enterprise CarShare suspended service in New York City. Among the traditional car rental locations in Queens, both international airports harbor larger fleets, conveniently close to Queens residents.

Micromobility[edit]

Citi Bike – a docked-bike and e-bike sharing company had, as of July 2019, 169,000 annual subscribers. In 2021, the Department of Transportation and Citi Bike announced that, as part of its Phase 3 expansion, it was doubling its service area to 70 square miles and tripling the number of bikes to 40,000. The expansion includes 52 new docking stations in Astoria, as well as new stations in Sunnyside and Woodside.^[152]

Non-docked e-moped service was launched in the city by Revel in 2019. Companies such as Bird, Lime, VeoRide introduced non-docked e-scooter-sharing in 2021.^[153]

Airports[edit]

Queens has crucial importance in international and interstate air traffic, with two of the New York metropolitan area's three major airports located there.John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, served 62.6 million passengers (enplanements + deplanements) – 34.3 million of which were international, ranking it the busiest airport in the United States by international passenger traffic. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States imposed travel restrictions, first, in January 2020, on travelers from China and, in the following months, on travelers from other countries. 2020 annual passenger traffic at JFK dropped to 16.6 million (-73.4%) – 8.4 million (-73.4%) of which were international, still ranking it the busiest airport in the United States by international passenger traffic.^{[154][155][156]}

JFK is owned by the City of New York and managed, since 1947, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The airport's runways and six terminals cover an area of 4,930 acres (2,000 ha) on Jamaica Bay in southeastern Queens.^[157] The airport's original official name was New York International Airport, although it was commonly known as Idlewild, with the name changed to Kennedy in December 1963 to honor the assassination of John F. Kennedy, November 22, 1963.^[158]

LaGuardia Airport is located in East Elmhurst, in northern Queens, on Flushing Bay. Originally opened in 1939, the airport's two runways and four terminals cover 680 acres (280 ha), serving 28.4 million passengers in 2015.^[160] In 2014, citing outdated conditions in the airport's terminals, Vice President Joe Biden compared LaGuardia Airport to a 'third world country'.^[161] In 2015, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began a $4 billion project to renovate LaGuardia Airport's terminals and entryways. The project is expected to be complete by 2021.^[159]

Public transportation[edit]

Subways[edit]

The MTA, New York City's 24-hour subway system, has 472 stations, more than any other metro system in the world – 81 of those stations on seven main lines are in Queens. The subway system has almost twice as many miles of track as any other North American system – (i) 665 mi (1,070 km) revenue length (the opposite of 'revenue' track would be non-revenue track or dead mileage), (ii) 850 mi (1,368 km) total length, and (iii) 248 mi (399 km) route length. Queens has 42 mi (68 km) miles of route length – 15 mi (24 km) underground, 20 mi (32 km) elevated, 7 mi (11 km) other.^[162] The A train – from 207th Street in Manhattan to Far Rockaway in Queens – is the longest line, more than 31 miles.^[162] The subway system transports triple the number of people than the next five largest American cities – Chicago, Washington, Boston, San Francisco, and Philadelphia combined.

The A, G, J/Z, and M routes connect Queens to Brooklyn without going through Manhattan first. The F, M, N, and R trains connect Queens and Brooklyn via Manhattan, while the E, W, and 7/<7> trains connect Queens to Manhattan only. Trains on the M service go through Queens twice in the same trip; both of its full-length terminals, in Middle Village and Forest Hills, are in Queens.^[163]

Long Island Rail Road[edit]

The LIRR, also part of the MTA, operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including holidays – carrying an average of 301,000 customers a day (80 million a year, adjusting downward for weekends) on about 735 scheduled trains.^[164] It is the busiest commuter rail hub in the United States. Most of its branches originate or terminate at Penn Station. All but one of its branches (the Port Washington Branch) pass through Jamaica. The New York City area served by the LIRR is called the City Terminal Zone. Within that zone, Queens has stations in Long Island City, Hunterspoint Avenue (in Long Island City), Bayside, Forest Hills, Flushing, Woodside, and Kew Gardens – 22 Queens stations, in all. There are also several stations where LIRR passengers can transfer to the subway.

Sunnyside Yard is used to store Amtrak intercity and NJ Transit commuter trains from Penn Station in Manhattan. The US$11.1 billion East Side Access project, which will bring LIRR trains to Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan, is under construction and is scheduled to open in 2022; this project will create a new train tunnel beneath the East River, connecting Long Island City in Queens with the East Side of Manhattan.^[165][166]

JFK AirTrain[edit]

The elevated AirTrainpeople mover system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road along the Van Wyck Expressway;^[167] a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems.^[168][169] Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport itself in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities, and this project would accommodate the new AirTrain connection.^[159]

MTA buses[edit]

2019 bus ridership, citywide, on the MTA system, was 2.2 million per average weekday – about 678 million for the year. In Queens, the Q58 and Q44Select Bus Service were the seventh and tenth, respectively, citywide, busiest local lines in 2019.^[170] In addition to regular bus lines serving LaGuardia Airport, the MTA offers two Select Bus Services, regular fare, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The M60 – terminals A, B, C, D – to and from Manhattan via Grand Central Parkway and the Triborough Bridge – in Harlem, along 125th Street (with a stop at the 125th Street Metro-North station), ending in Morningside Heights on the Upper West Side, a few blocks south of Columbia University. The Q70 – terminals B, C, D – through Queens, ending in Woodside at 61st Street and Roosevelt Avenue. Overall, about 100 local bus routes operate within Queens, and another 20 express routes shuttle commuters between Queens and Manhattan, under the MTA New York City Bus and MTA Bus brands.^[171]

Proposed streetcar[edit]

A streetcar line connecting Queens with Brooklyn was proposed by the city in February 2016.^[172][173] The planned timeline calls for service to begin around 2024.^[174]

Water transit[edit]

New York Water Taxi operates service across the East River from Hunters Point in Long Island City to Manhattan at 34th Street and south to Pier 11 at Wall Street. In 2007, limited weekday service was begun between Breezy Point, the westernmost point in the Rockaways, to Pier 11 via the Brooklyn Army Terminal. Summertime weekend service provides service from Lower Manhattan and southwest Brooklyn to the peninsula's Gateway beaches.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012, ferry operator SeaStreak began running a city-subsidized ferry service between a makeshift ferry slip at Beach 108th Street and Beach Channel Drive in Rockaway Park and piers in Manhattan and Brooklyn.^[175] The service was extended multiple times.^[176] finally ending on October 31, 2014.^[177]

Online Dating New York

In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit.^[178][179] The ferry opened in May 2017,^[180][181] with the Queens neighborhoods of Rockaway and Astoria served by their eponymous routes. A third route, the East River Ferry, serves Hunter's Point South.^[182]

Roads[edit]

Highways[edit]

Queens is traversed by three trunk east–west highways. The Long Island Expressway (Interstate 495) runs from the Queens Midtown Tunnel on the west through the borough to Nassau County on the east. The Grand Central Parkway, whose western terminus is the Triborough Bridge, extends east to the Queens/Nassau border, where its name changed to the Northern State Parkway. The Belt Parkway begins at the Gowanus Expressway in Brooklyn, and extends east into Queens, past Aqueduct Racetrack and JFK Airport. On its eastern end at the Queens/Nassau border, it splits into the Southern State Parkway which continues east, and the Cross Island Parkway which turns north.^[183]

There are also several major north–south highways in Queens, including the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (Interstate 278), the Van Wyck Expressway (Interstate 678), the Clearview Expressway (Interstate 295), and the Cross Island Parkway.^[183]

Queens has six state highways that run west–east largely on surface roads. From north to south, they are New York State Route 25A (Northern Boulevard), New York State Route 25B (Hillside Avenue), New York State Route 25 (Queens Boulevard, Hillside Avenue, and Braddock Avenue), New York State Route 24 (Hempstead Avenue), and New York State Route 27 (Conduit Avenue). The only state highway that primarily uses an expressway is New York State Route 878, which uses the Nassau Expressway in southern Queens.^[183]

Streets[edit]

The streets of Queens are laid out in a semi-grid system, with a numerical system of street names (similar to Manhattan and the Bronx). Nearly all roadways oriented north–south are 'Streets', while east–west roadways are 'Avenues', beginning with the number 1 in the west for Streets and the north for Avenues. In some parts of the borough, several consecutive streets may share numbers (for instance, 72nd Street followed by 72nd Place and 72nd Lane, or 52nd Avenue followed by 52nd Road, 52nd Drive, and 52nd Court), often confusing non-residents.^[184] Also, incongruous alignments of street grids, unusual street paths due to geography, or other circumstances often lead to the skipping of numbers (for instance, on Ditmars Boulevard, 70th Street is followed by Hazen Street which is followed by 49th Street). Numbered roads tend to be residential, although numbered commercial streets are not rare. A fair number of streets that were country roads in the 18th and 19th centuries (especially major thoroughfares such as Northern Boulevard, Queens Boulevard, Hillside Avenue, and Jamaica Avenue) carry names rather than numbers, typically though not uniformly called 'Boulevards' or 'Parkways'.

Queens house numbering was designed to provide convenience in locating the address itself; the first half of a number in a Queens address refers to the nearest cross street, the second half refers to the house or lot number from where the street begins from that cross street, followed by the name of the street itself. For example, to find an address in Queens, 14-01 120th Street, one could ascertain from the address structure itself that the listed address is at the intersection of 14th Avenue and 120th Street and that the address must be closest to 14th Avenue rather than 15th Avenue, as it is the first lot on the block. This pattern doesn't stop when a street is named, assuming that there is an existing numbered cross-street. For example, Queens College is situated at 65–30 Kissena Boulevard, and is so named because the cross-street closest to the entrance is 65th Avenue.^[184]

Many of the village street grids of Queens had only worded names, some were numbered according to local numbering schemes, and some had a mix of words and numbers. In the early 1920s, a 'Philadelphia Plan' was instituted to overlay one numbered system upon the whole borough. The Topographical Bureau, Borough of Queens, worked out the details. Subway stations were only partly renamed, and some, including those along the IRT Flushing Line (7 and <7>​ trains), now share dual names after the original street names.^[185] In 2012, some numbered streets in the Douglaston Hill Historic District were renamed to their original names, with 43rd Avenue becoming Pine Street.^[186]

The Rockaway Peninsula does not follow the same system as the rest of the borough and has its own numbering system. Streets are numbered in ascending order heading west from near the Nassau County border, and are prefixed with the word 'Beach.' Streets at the easternmost end, however, are nearly all named. Bayswater, which is on Jamaica Bay, has its numbered streets prefixed with the word 'Bay' rather than 'Beach'. Another deviation from the norm is Broad Channel; it maintains the north–south numbering progression but uses only the suffix 'Road,' as well as the prefixes 'West' and 'East,' depending on location relative to Cross Bay Boulevard, the neighborhood's major through street. Broad Channel's streets were a continuation of the mainland Queens grid in the 1950s; formerly the highest-numbered avenue in Queens was 208th Avenue rather than today's 165th Avenue in Howard Beach & Hamilton Beach. The other exception is the neighborhood of Ridgewood, which for the most part shares a grid and house numbering system with the Brooklyn neighborhood of Bushwick. The grid runs east–west from the LIRR Bay Ridge Branchright-of-way to Flushing Avenue; and north–south from Forest Avenue in Ridgewood to Bushwick Avenue in Brooklyn before adjusting to meet up with the Bedford-Stuyvesant grid at Broadway. All streets on the grid have names.

Bridges and tunnels[edit]

Queens is connected to the Bronx by the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge, the Throgs Neck Bridge, the Triborough Bridge (also known as the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), and the Hell Gate Bridge. Queens is connected to Manhattan Island by the Triborough Bridge, the Queensboro Bridge, and the Queens–Midtown Tunnel, as well as to Roosevelt Island by the Roosevelt Island Bridge.

While most of the Queens/Brooklyn border is on land, the Kosciuszko Bridge crosses the Newtown Creek connecting Maspeth to Greenpoint, Brooklyn. The Pulaski Bridge connects McGuinness Boulevard in Greenpoint to 11th Street, Jackson Avenue, and Hunters Point Avenue in Long Island City. The J. J. Byrne Memorial Bridge (a.k.a. Greenpoint Avenue Bridge) connects the sections of Greenpoint Avenue in Greenpoint and Long Island City. A lesser bridge connects Grand Avenue in Queens to Grand Street in Brooklyn.

The Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge, built in 1939, traverses Jamaica Bay to connect the Rockaway Peninsula to Broad Channel and the rest of Queens.^[187] Constructed in 1937, the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge links Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn's longest thoroughfare, with Jacob Riis Park and the western end of the Peninsula.^[188] Both crossings were built and continue to be operated by what is now known as MTA Bridges and Tunnels. The IND Rockaway Line parallels the Cross Bay, has a mid-bay station at Broad Channel which is just a short walk from the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, now part of Gateway National Recreation Area and a major stop on the Atlantic Flyway.

Notable people[edit]

Many public figures have grown up or lived in Queens.^[189] Musicians raised in the borough include Nas, LL Cool J, The Ramones, A Tribe Called Quest, Mobb Deep, Onyx, Ja Rule, 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks, Tony Yayo, Run–D.M.C., Nicki Minaj, Lil Tecca, Rich The Kid, Action Bronson, Nadia Ali^[190] and Tony Bennett.^[191] Jazz greats Louis Armstrong and Norman Mapp both resided in Corona, as well as rock duo Simon & Garfunkel^[192] and guitarists Scott Ian and Johnny Ramone.^[193]K-pop rapper Mark Lee from the boy group NCT grew up in Queens before moving to Canada. Madonna, from 1979 to 1980, lived in Corona as a member of the band Breakfast Club.^[194] Actors such as Adrien Brody,^[195] Zoe Saldana, Lucy Liu,^[196] John Leguizamo, Susan Sarandon, and Idina Menzel^[197] were born or raised in Queens. Actress Mae West also lived in Queens.^[198] Writers from Queens include John Guare (The House of Blue Leaves) and Laura Z. Hobson (Gentleman's Agreement). Mafia boss John Gotti lived in Queens for many years.^[199]Richard Feynman, a scientist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, was born in Queens and grew up in Far Rockaway. Lee 'Q' O'Denat, founder of WorldStarHipHop was from Hollis, Queens.

Donald Trump, a businessman who became the 45th President of the United States, was born in Jamaica Hospital Medical Center and raised at 81-15 Wareham Place in Jamaica Estates, later moving to Midland Parkway.^{[200][201][202]} He was preceded in the White House by former First LadiesNancy Reagan, who lived in Flushing as a child.^[203]Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President, lived at Sagamore Hill in Oyster Bay from the mid-1880s until he died;^[204] the area was considered part of Queens until the formation of neighboring Nassau County in 1899.Queens has also been home to athletes such as professional basketball player Rafer Alston^[205] Basketball players Kareem Abdul-Jabbar^[b][206] and Metta World Peace^[c][207] were both born in Queens, as was Olympic athlete Bob Beamon.^[208] Tennis star John McEnroe^[209] was born in Douglaston. Hall of Fame baseball pitcher Whitey Ford grew up in Astoria.^[210] Journalist Marie Colvin was a native of Queens.

In popular culture[edit]

Queens has also served as a setting for various fictional characters, one of the more famous being Peter Parker / Spider-Man from Marvel Comics. He grew up in Forest Hills with his Aunt May and Uncle Ben.^{[citation needed]}

The Cemetery Belt[edit]

Several large cemeteries in Queens – St. Michaels, Luthern, Calvary, Cypress Hill, Mt. Olivet and Mt. Zion – together with several in Brooklyn are collectively known as The Cemetery Belt. Calvary, by itself – with about 3 million burials – has the larges number of interments of any cemetery in the United States.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^ ^abMean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
2. ^Kareem Abdul-Jabbar was born Lew Alcindor (né Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr.).
3. ^Born Ron Artest.

References[edit]

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   1. 'Queens'. p. 1274.

   Highest natural elevations in each borough (data varies):

   1. The Bronx: Riverdale, Fieldston on Grosvenor Avenue: 284 feet (86.6 m) (no plaque).
   2. Manhattan: Washington Heights, James Gordon Bennett Park at West 183rd Street & Fort Washington Avenue: 265.05 feet (80.8 m) (plaque).
   3. Queens: Glen Oaks at North Shore Towers: 258.2 feet (78.7 m) (no plaque).
   4. Brooklyn: Green-Wood Cemetery at Battle Hill: 220 feet (67.1 m) (no plaque).
   5. Staten Island: Todt Hill: 412 feet (125.6 m) (no plaque), sometimes chronicled as the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard, south of Maine, all the way to the bottom of Florida.
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3. ^ ^abc'2020 U.S. Census Demographic Data Map Viewer'. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
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    'When Queens County was created the courts were transferred from Hempstead to Jamaica Village and a County Court was erected. When the building became too small for its purposes and the stone meeting house had been erected, the courts were held for some years in that edifice. Later a new courthouse was erected and used until the seat of justice was removed to North Hempstead.'

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34. ^Newsday; Amon, Rhoda (née Rhoda Sher; 1923–2008) (February 22, 1998). 'Our History – Our Towns – Nassau' (series) 'Mineola: First Farmers, Then Lawyers' (All eds.). p. 50 (section H). Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2012 – via Wayback Machine.ProQuest279117006 (hardcopy; US Newsstream).
    'That was the year when the 'Old Brig' courthouse was vacated after 90 years of housing lawbreakers. The county court moved from Mineola to Long Island City.'
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36. ^ ^abNewsday; Mohan, Geoffrey A. (born 1962), Staff Writer (March 29, 1998). 'Long Island, Our History: Eastern Factions of Queens Win the Fight to Separate After Six Decades of Wrangling – Nassau's Difficult Birth'. Melville, New York: Newsday Media. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2007. North Hempstead, Oyster Bay and the rest of Hempstead were excluded from the vote.

    Access via Newspapers.com

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    1. Illustration & editorial: Brooklyn Daily Eagle, The (November 5, 1894). 'The Lady or the Tiger?' (anti-consolidation editorial – illustration by Orrin Welch Simons; 1867–1930). 54 (307). p. 19. Retrieved September 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com(criticized by The New York Times).CS1 maint: postscript (link)
    2. Document A: 1834: General Jeremiah Johnson (1766–1852)
    3. Document B: 1834: Consolidation Committee of the State legislature
    4. Document C: 1849: The New York Tribune (a Republican newspaper)
    5. Document E: Popular joke
    6. Document G: 1896: Rev. Richard Salter Storrs (1821–1900)
    7. Document H: 1893: St. Clair McKelway (1905–1980), editor of the Brooklyn Eagle
    8. Document J: League of Loyal Citizens
    9. Document L: 1894: Results of the Consolidation Referendum
48. ^New York Times, The (December 15, 1894). 'The State Vote Canvassed – Official Announcement of the Result of the Election – Morton's Plurality 156,108 and Saxton's 127,483 – The Detailed Vote for Greater New-York'(PDF). 44 (13515). p. 9 (Section 2; column 4). Retrieved December 28, 2007 → The area included a radius of twenty miles (32 km), with the New York City Hall as a center to circumscribe it.CS1 maint: postscript (link) Alternative access → permalink – via TimesMachine.
49. ^NYG&B Newsletter; Macy, Harry, Jr., F.A.S.G., F.G.B.S. (Winter 1998) [Updated June 2011]. Before the Five-Borough City: Queens. bklyn-genealogy-info.com. New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. p. 6. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009 – via Wayback Machine.

    This map shows the boundaries of the former towns and the former city within the present Borough of Queens.

50. ^New York Times, The (September 13, 1894). 'Of Interest to Politicians'. 63 (13435). p. 9 (column 6). Retrieved January 28, 2008 – via TimesMachine. (permalink).
    'The question of the Greater New-York, which is also to be submitted to the people at this coming election, involves the proposition to unite in one city the following cities, counties, and towns: New York City, Long Island City, in Queens County; the County of Kings, (Brooklyn;) the County of Richmond, (S.I.;) the towns of Flushing, Newtown, Jamaica, in Queens County; the town of Westchester, in Westchester County, and all that portion of the towns of East Chester and Pelham which lies south of a straight line drawn from a point where the northerly line of the City of New-York meets the centre line of the Bronx River, to the middle of the channel between Hunter's and Glen Islands, in Long Island Sound, and that part of the town of Hempstead, in Queens County, which is westerly of a straight line drawn from the south-easterly point of the town of Flushing in a straight line to the Atlantic Ocean.'
51. ^New York Times, The (October 16, 1894). 'Vote for Greater New-York – Commissioners Offer Arguments for a Mighty City'. 44 (13463). p. 9 (column 3). Retrieved December 28, 2007. (permalink– via TimesMachineCS1 maint: postscript (link)).
52. ^New York Times, The (November 4, 1894). 'New-York's Place in Danger – Consolidation Defeated, She Must Yield to Chicago' (pre-election). 64 (13479). p. 2 (columns 2 & 3). Retrieved December 28, 2007 – via TimesMachine. (permalink).
53. ^New York Times, The (November 8, 1894). 'Greater New-York in Doubt – The City Vote Is for It and Brooklyn Is Uncertain' (article is before results of the Queens vote is known). 64 (13483). p. 1 (column 3). Retrieved December 28, 2007 – via TimesMachine. (permalink) (also accessible via Newspapers.com.).

    'The increase in area and population that New-York will acquire if consolidation becomes a fact will become evident by a glance at the following table ... '

    Area in square miles	Pop- ulation
    38.85	1,801,739
    66.39	992,364
    57.19	53,452
    20.24	18,182
    Queens County:
    29.65	19,803
    *Part of the town of Hempstead	17.86	17,756
    33.50	14,441
    Long Island City	7.14	30,506
    21.32	17,549
    Jamaica Bay	25.63	....
    317.77	2,965,792
    *Estimated

    'The townships in Queens County that are to be included in the Greater New-York have not been heard from yet ... '
54. ^New York Times, The (February 22, 1896). 'Report Favors Consolidation – An Argument Against the Claims of the Resubmissionists'. 45 (13887). p. 1. Retrieved December 28, 2007 – via TimesMachine. (permalink).
55. ^ ^abNew York Times, The (February 12, 1899). 'The East City Line Fixed – Its Base Found in the Sand of a Closed Beach Channel'. 48 (15317). p. 15 (column 5). Retrieved December 28, 2007. (permalink– via TimesMachineCS1 maint: postscript (link)) (link– via Newspapers.comCS1 maint: postscript (link)).
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57. ^Seyfried, Vincent Francis (1918–2012) (2004). 'A Walk Through Queens with David Hartman and Historian Barry Lewis'. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
    'The most momentous event in the history of Queens occurred in 1909 when the long-planned Queensboro Bridge was finally opened. This ended the century-old isolation of the county and dependence on ferries.'
58. ^Gibson, Campbell J. (born 1942) (June 1998). 'Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990'. Working Paper Number POP-WP027. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 7, 2017.OCLC1253676076 (all editions).
59. ^Willis, Walter Irving (1882–1937) (compiler & editor) (1920). Queens Borough, New York City, 1910–1920; The Borough of Homes and Industry, a Descriptive and Illustrated Book Setting Forth Its Wonderful Growth and Development in Commerce, Industry and Homes During the Past Ten Years, 1910 to 1920; A Prediction of Even Greater Growth During the Next Ten Years, 1920 to 1930; And a Statement of Its Many Advantages, Attractions and Possibilities as a Section Wherein to Live, to Work and to Succeed. Chamber of Commerce of the Borough of Queens (publisher). Long Island Star Publishing Company (printer). Retrieved August 2, 2014 – via Internet Archive.LCCN20-12286; OCLC35896461 (all editions).
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62. ^TripSavvy (formerly About.com); Roleke, John W. (born 1971) (July 10, 2009). 'Beaches in Queens – The Beaches of the Rockaways, and the One in Long Island City'. Guide. Queens.about.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2012 – via Wayback Machine.
    1. 'Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk'
    2. 'Jacob Riis Beach'
    3. 'Fort Tilden Beach'
    4. 'Breezy Point Tip'
    5. 'Water Taxi Beach, Long Island City'
63. ^QueensMamas (May 28, 2011). 'NYC Beaches 2011 – Summer Beach Season Kicks Off'. Astoria. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2012 – via Internet Archive.Astoria: The Mamas Network, Leni Calas (née Elleni K. Calas; born 1979) (founding publisher)Cite journal requires journal= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
64. ^Newsday; Pérez-Rivas, Manuel (February 22, 1994). 'Queens Neighbornoods' 'Queens in Albany' (series) 'Beach Nourished by $$$'. 54 (172). p. 21. Retrieved August 4, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.ProQuest278781750 (hardcopy; US Newsstream).
65. ^ ^abcdef'Climatological Report (Annual): LaGuardia NY'. National Weather Service. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
66. ^ ^abNew York Times, The; Dallos, Robert E. (July 4, 1966). 'Heat Reaches 103, Record for Year; Beaches Jammed – Readings of 100 Degrees Forecast for Today for Third Day in a Row – Some Relief in Sight – Buckling Roads and Stalled Cars Snarl Traffic – L.I. Derailment Hurts 10'. 115 (39608). p. 1. Retrieved August 4, 2018. (permalink– via TimesMachineCS1 maint: postscript (link)).
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68. ^New York Times, The (February 16, 1943). 'Two Die in Unheated Homes in 8° Below Zero; Snow Due – Suffering in City Is Intense Because of Fuel Shortage – Transport Service Hampered – Slight Relief Today Forecast'. 92 (31069) (Late City ed.). pp. 1–2. Retrieved August 4, 2018. (permalink– via TimesMachineCS1 maint: postscript (link)).
69. ^New York Times, The (February 9, 1963). 'Eastern U.S. Hit by Subzero Cold: Winds Add to the Sharpness of 2 Below in New York' (special to The New York Times). 112 (38367) (Western ed.). p. 4 (column 6; top). Retrieved August 4, 2018. (permalink– via TimesMachineCS1 maint: postscript (link)).
70. ^New York Times, The (January 21, 1985). 'Upstate Storm Eases: Record Low Hits City' (online) (print ed. → January 21, 1985; '20 Inches of Snow in Buffalo') (Late ed.; East Coast) (AP). 134 (46296). p. 10 (section A). Retrieved August 4, 2018.ProQuest425294243 (hardcopy; US Newsstream) (permalink– via TimesMachineCS1 maint: postscript (link)).
71. ^Washington Post, The; Livingston, Ian (January 25, 2016). 'The 12 Best Meteorological Images of the Blizzard of 2016'. Capital Weather Gang (blog). Retrieved August 4, 2018.(re: January 2016 United States blizzard).CS1 maint: postscript (link)ProQuest1759860668 (online; US Newsstream).
72. ^AM New York; Cook, Lauren (August 3, 2018). 'Tornado Touched Down in College Point, Queens, NWS Says'. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
73. ^New York Daily News; Trapasso, Clare; Schapiro, Rich; McShane, Larry (September 9, 2012). 'Queens, B'klyn Become Tornado Alley for Day'. 94 (76) (Metro Final ed.). p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.ProQuest1038818684 (hardcopy; US Newsstream).
74. ^New York Daily News; Schapiro, Rich (September 26, 2010). 'Tornado Anxiety: City Twisters Just Coincidence, Experts Say'. p. 22. Retrieved August 4, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.ProQuest755490021 (hardcopy; US Newsstream).
75. ^ ^ab'NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data'. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
76. ^'Station: New York LaGuardia AP, NY'. U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
77. ^'New York/LaGuardia ARPT NY Climate Normals 1961−1990'. NOAA. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
78. ^'Station: New York JFK INTL AP, NY'. U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
79. ^'New York/JFK, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990'. NOAA. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
80. ^Forbes; Shao, Heng (April 10, 2014). 'Join the Great Gatsby: Chinese Real Estate Buyers Fan Out to Long Island's North Shore': 14. Retrieved April 2, 2016.Cite journal requires journal= (help)EBSCOhost95585487.
81. ^Bloomberg News; Hymowitz, Carol (October 27, 2014). 'One Percenters Drop Six Figures at Long Island Mall'. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
82. ^New York Times, The; Haller, Vera Christiane (October 1, 2014). 'Downtown Flushing: Where Asian Cultures Thrive' (online) (print ed. → October 5, 2014). p. 8 (RE section). Retrieved March 23, 2019.ProQuest2212955596 (online; US Newsstream).
83. ^New York Times, The; Falkowitz, Max (August 25, 2018). 'A World of Food, Outside the U.S. Open Gates' (online) (print ed. → August 26, 2018 → '7 Is the Tastiest Number'). p. 15 (section F). Retrieved March 23, 2019.ProQuest2093023584 (hardcopy; US Newsstream); ProQuest2092795931 (online; US Newsstream).
84. ^Business Insider; Robinson, Melia (May 27, 2015). 'This Is What It's Like in One of the Biggest and Fastest-Growing Chinatowns in the World'. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
85. ^ ^abNY1 News; McGowan, Clodagh (October 7, 2019). 'How Jackson Heights Earned the Nickname 'Little Colombia''. Charter Communications. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
86. ^New York Times, The; O'Grady, Jim (né James W. O'Grady) (January 13, 2002). 'Neighborhood Report: Richmond Hill – Making Guyana More Accessible, Two Sisters Start an Airline'. 151 (51997). p. 7 (section 14). Retrieved September 30, 2007. (permalink– via TimesMachineCS1 maint: postscript (link)).
    'Many of them live in Richmond Hill. Just as Chinese-Americans energized downtown Flushing, the Guyanese have revived a once-moribund shopping strip on Liberty Avenue between the Van Wyck Expressway and Lefferts Boulevard, now known as Little Guyana.'
87. ^McGlinn, Lawrence Alan, PhD (born 1962), Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz (2002). 'Beyond Chinatown: Dual Immigration and the Chinese Population of Metropolitan New York City'(PDF). Middle States Geographer (msaag.aag.org/middle-states-geographer). Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers (publisher). 35: 110–119. Retrieved April 2, 2016.ISSN1067-2230.
88. ^'U.S. Decennial Census'. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
89. ^ ^abForstall, Richard L. (April 20, 1995). 'Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990'(PDF). Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2015 – via www.honolulutraffic.com.OCLC50183826 (all editions).
    1. Extracted from Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790 – 1990(PDF). Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau.OCLC1136878696 (all editions).
90. ^'U.S. Census Data – Decennial Census – Total Population – 2010: DEC Summary File 1' (data platform: Center for Enterprise Dissemination Services and Consumer Innovation). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
91. ^'A Story Map: 2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer'. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
92. ^QuickFacts New York city, New York; Bronx County (Bronx Borough), New York; Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York; New York County (Manhattan Borough), New York; Queens County (Queens Borough), New York; Richmond County (Staten Island Borough), New York, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 11, 2018.
93. ^'NYC Population: Current and Projected Populations'. NYC.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
94. ^'GDP by County, Metro, and Other Areas'. www.bea.gov. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
95. ^IndyStar.com (The Indianapolis Star). '2020 Decennial Census – How Many People Live in Queens County, New York?' (newspaper interactive database). Retrieved August 17, 2021.
96. ^ ^abcdef'U.S. Census Data – American Community Survey – Demographic and Housing Estimates – 2019: American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles' (data platform: Center for Enterprise Dissemination Services and Consumer Innovation). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
    1. 'Bronx' (View: tables. Table ID: DP05).
    2. 'Manhattan' (View: tables. Table ID: DP05).
    3. 'Staten Island' (View: tables. Table ID: DP05).
97. ^ ^ab'U.S. Census website'. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
98. ^ ^abcGibson, Campbell J. (born 1942); Jung, Kay (September 1, 2002). 'Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race (1790 to 1990) and by Hispanic origin (1970 to 1990) for Large Cities and Urban Places'. Working Paper Number POP-WP056. Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 7, 2017.OCLC73804741 (all editions), OCLC50821504 (all editions), 52545755.
99. ^From 15% sample
100. ^New York Times, The; Roberts, Sam (May 24, 2011). 'Survey Hints at a Census Undercount in New York City' (online) (print ed. → May 25, 2011; 'New York City's Claim of a Census Undercount May Be Justified, Canvassing Finds') (New York ed.). p. 21 (section A). Retrieved September 12, 2016.ProQuest03624331 (hardcopy; US Newsstream); ProQuest2217096891 (online; US Newsstream).
     'How, they wondered, could Queens have grown by only one-tenth of 1 percent since 2000? How, even with a surge in foreclosures, could the number of vacant apartments have soared by nearly 60 percent in Queens and by 66 percent in Brooklyn? ... Often, though, owners of illegally divided houses are reluctant to disclose the number of tenants, who tend to include people who are in the country illegally and are leery of providing any information to the government.'
101. ^Business Wire (July 23, 2001). 'Claritas Study Ranks Racial/Ethnic Diversity in Counties Nationwide; Analysis Shows California Leads Nation in Diversity Among Counties of 100,000-Plus Population'.Retrieved July 29, 2008.CS1 maint: postscript (link)ProQuest445627485 (US Newsstream database).
     1. Published July 25, 2001, by HispanicAd.com.
     Original source → 'Claritas Demographic Resource Guide'. San Diego: Claritas, Inc.OCLC51851506 (all editions).
102. ^'U.S. Census Data – American Community Survey – Language Spoken at Home – 2019: American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles' (data platform: Center for Enterprise Dissemination Services and Consumer Innovation). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
103. ^ ^abc'U.S. Census 2010'. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020 – via Archive.today.
104. ^'Selected Population Profile in the United States - 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Queens County, New York Asian Indian Alone'. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2016 – via Archive.today.
105. ^'Profile of New York City's Pakistani Americans'(PDF). Asian American Federation of New York. 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
     1. December 2004 edition: 'Census Profile: New York City's Pakistani American Population'(PDF). Asian American Federation of New York. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 25, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2018 – via Wayback Machine.
106. ^Wall Street Journal, The; Mokha, Kavita (August 20, 2010). 'New Immigrants Put Stamp on Richmond Hill'. Retrieved November 9, 2014.Factiva WSJO000020100820e68k001jl, Factiva J000000020100820e68k0002v.
107. ^Chan, Wai Sze (Lacey), ed. (2005). Quick Demographic Facts for Queens Library Service Areas. Queenslibrary.org. Queens Borough Public Library, Programs and Services Department. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011.ISBN0-9645-3375-8, 978-0-9645-3375-2; OCLC69186196, 70698782 → OCLC Classify 70698782.
108. ^Quinnipiac Chronicle; Boudreau, Catherine (February 22, 2012). 'The Refugee – Bosnian War Causes Family to Start Over in America' (quchronicle.com). Hamden, Connecticut: Quinnipiac University. p. 10. Retrieved July 19, 2017. (link to print edition – via ISSUU).
109. ^ ^abCohen, Steven Martin, PhD; Ukeles, Jacob Benjamin, PhD; Miller, Ronald, PhD (June 2012). Jewish Community Study of New York 2011: Comprehensive Report. Jewish Policy & Action Research, UJA-Federation of New York. pp. 49, 54, 227. Retrieved December 26, 2017.OCLC1079839584 (all editions).
110. ^Jewish Community Study. p. 227.
111. ^New York Times, The; Roberts, Sam (October 1, 2006). 'Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens' (online) (print ed. → May 25, 2011; 'In Queens, Blacks Are the Have-Nots No More') (New York ed.). p. 29 (section A). Retrieved May 22, 2010.ProQuest433409052 (hardcopy; US Newsstream); ProQuest2225332297 & ProQuest2225196560 (online; US Newsstream).
112. ^Queens: An Economic Review(PDF) (Report – Office of the State Deputy Comptroller for the City of New York: 11–2000). Office of the New York State Comptroller, H. Carl McCall, State Comptroller, New York City Public Information Office. 2000. pp. 1, 5. Retrieved March 28, 2012 – via New York State Library.LCCN00-325035; OCLC43393337.
113. ^ARDA (2010). 'County Membership Report – Queens County (New York)'. The Association of Religion Data Archives. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
114. ^Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences (2014). 'Social Capital Variables for 2014'. 'Social Capital Variables Spreadsheet for 2014' (Excel). Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
115. ^Queens Museum (July 23, 2016). 'From 'Forest Hills: Birthplace of Punk' to 'Rock Rock Rockaway Beach''. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
116. ^'Past Queens Poet Laureates'(PDF). Office of the Queens Borough President – Poet Laureates. 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
117. ^'History of Afrikan Poetry Theatre' (www.theafrikanpoetrytheatre.org). The Afrikan Poetry Theatre. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
118. ^Black Spectrum Theater Company (December 11, 2010). 'About' (www.blackspectrum.com). Black Spectrum Theater Company. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
119. ^Dominion of New York; Dia, Hannington (September 6, 2011). 'Best Black Arts & Culture in Queens 2011' (column) 'Six Reasons to Love Queens'. Retrieved March 28, 2012(Dominion was founded in 2012 by Kelly Virella).Cite journal requires journal= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
120. ^New York Daily News; Rosenberg, Eli; Erikson, Chris (December 11, 2014). 'Lonely Planet Guidebooks Call Queens the Best Travel Destination in the United States' (online) (print ed. → December 11, 2014; 'Queens is King of U.S.') (Metro Final ed.). 96 (248). p. 8. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2015 – via Wayback Machine.ProQuest1635183092 (hardcopy; US Newsstream) (alternate link– via Newspapers.comCS1 maint: postscript (link)).
121. ^Lonely Planet (December 10, 2014). 'Best in the US 2015'. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
122. ^NY City Lens; Uwimana, Solange (April 24, 2015). 'Sutphin Boulevard: The Next Tourist Hot Spot?'. Produced by students at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
123. ^TripSavvy (formerly About.com) (January 2, 2012). 'Eating Out: Guide to Restaurants and Dining in Queens, NY' (column under the same title that ran from about 2006 to about 2016). Archived from the original on January 2, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2012 – via Wayback Machine.
124. ^Nycgo.com; Kuban, Adam (October 22, 2014). 'Must-See Astoria: 12 Great Things to See and Do'. NYC & Company. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
125. ^Spiller, Harley Judd (born 1959), ed. (2019). Menus from the United States. 'Queens'. Harley J. Spiller Collection, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough Library.Retrieved September 29, 2021.CS1 maint: postscript (link) (Harley J. Spiller Collection at Internet Archive) (Harley J. Spiller Collectionat the Scarborough LibraryCS1 maint: postscript (link)).

     The Harley J. Spiller collection is composed of some 10,000 items – menus, business cards, restaurant matchbooks, and a variety of objects related to Chinese cookery. The majority of the menus document Chinese cuisine of restaurants in New York State. The collection, however, also includes other menus from the United States, Canada, and elsewhere.
     The Queens collection features single sheet and trifold menus – table placement and takeout – for Chinese (Cantonese, Hong Kong American, Hunan, Mandarin, Szechuan), Filipino, Japanese, Malaysian, Korean, Indonesian, Nepalese, Singaporean, Taiwanese, Thai, Vietnamese, Bangladeshi, Indian, Middle Eastern, Mughlai, Tibetan, Pakistan, Turkish, Brazilian, Colombian, Ecuadorian, Mexican, Peruvian, Caribbean, Italian, French, Spanish, American, Mediterranean, and various Seafood cuisine.
     

     Menus are from (in alphabetical order) Astoria, Bayside (including Oakland Gardens), College Point, Corona, Elmhurst, Flushing, Forest Hills, Fresh Meadows, Glendale, Jackson Heights, Jamaica, Little Neck, Long Island City, Maspeth, Middle Village, Rego Park, Ridgewood, Riverdale (in The Bronx), Rockaway, Rockaway Park, Sunnyside, and Woodside.

     *By digitization date:

     1. C–E. July 18, 2019.
     2. J–L. July 18, 2019.
     3. S. July 18, 2019.
     4. U–Z. July 18, 2019.
     ––––––––––––––––––––
     1. E–H. November 11, 2019.
     2. N–Q. November 20, 2019.
     3. T–Z. November 20, 2019.
126. ^Gleason, Will (March 11, 2019). 'Citing Its Diversity and Culture, NYC Was Voted Best City in the World in New Global Survey'. TimeOut. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
     'Just look at the Queens Night Market, which began in the summer of 2015 as a collection of 40 vendors serving authentic international cuisine in Flushing Meadows Corona Park. Since then, it's steadily attracted more and more attendees and, last year averaged 10,000 people a night. Those thousands of New Yorkers weren't just hungry for new food, but for new points-of-view. 'When I first started, it was all about how can we attract people with an event that's as affordable and diverse as possible,' says Night Market founder John Wang. 'We've now been able to represent over 85 countries, and I'm constantly hearing examples of people branching out and trying things they've never heard of before.'
127. ^ ^abcDiNapoli, Thomas Peter, II (born 1954), New York State Comptroller; Bleiwas, Kenneth B., Deputy Comptroller (December 2013). 'An Economic Snapshot of Queens'(PDF). New York Department of State. Retrieved February 9, 2021.Cite journal requires journal= (help)
128. ^Bloomberg News; Goldman, Henry (October 30, 2018). 'NYC's Fastest-Growing Neighborhood Gets $180 Million Investment'. Bloomberg, L.P. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
129. ^Citi Field. 'By the Numbers'. Archived from the original on December 31, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2016 – via Wayback Machine.
130. ^New York Times, The; Schreiber, Jay (April 4, 2009). 'Short-Lived, Long-Loved' (online ed. → April 3, 2009; 'Ebbets Field and Shea: Short-Lived, Well Remembered'). p. 3 (section D). Retrieved July 5, 2016.(Late ed.; East Coast).CS1 maint: postscript (link)ProQuest434063308 (hardcopy; US Newsstream) & ProQuest2220224032 (online; US Newsstream).
131. ^Rennert, Richard Scott (born 1956), ed. (2008). The Open Book: Celebrating 40 Years of America's Grand Slam. United States Tennis Association & Triumph Books (publisher). p. 14. Retrieved July 5, 2016 – via Internet Archive (Kenosha Public Library).ISBN978-1-6007-8157-5, 1-6007-8157-8; OCLC213446843 (all editions), OCLC1048021596 (all editions).
     'Moving the home of the US Open in 1978 across the borough of Queens, from the serene surroundings of Forest Hills to the 46.5 cement acres [188,000 m2; 2,030,000 sq ft; 18.8 ha] of Flushing Meadows, further expanded the US Open's ability to deliver world-class tennis and star-studded entertainment to the masses. Indeed, the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center (the world's largest public tennis facility when not hosting tournament tennis) and its centerpiece, Arthur Ashe Stadium (the world's largest tennis stadium), have enabled the US Open to become the world's best-attended annual sporting event, with nearly three-quarters of a million fans on-site each year.'
132. ^New York Times, The; Meyers, Naile-Jean (June 10, 2015). 'Supporting Structure for Arthur Ashe Roof Is Completed' (online) (print ed. → June 11, 2015; 'Supporting Structure for Roof on Ashe Stadium Is Finished') (New York ed.). p. 13 (section B). Retrieved July 7, 2016.ProQuest1687288412 (hardcopy; US Newsstream); ProQuest1713677566 (online; US Newsstream).
     'Zausner said the stadium, the largest in tennis, will maintain its seating capacity of 23,771, though some seats in the highest rows were removed to accommodate two video boards. Seats were added in lower levels to replace those lost, he said.'
133. ^6sqft; Schulz, Dana (September 1, 2015) [Updated August 23, 2017]. 'A History of the US Open in New York: From the West Side Tennis Club to Arthur Ashe Stadium'. Chelsea, Manhattan: CityRealty.com, LLC (a real estate listing site, founded 1994) (publisher); Daniel Levy, President. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
134. ^'Aqueduct Racetrack General Information'. Aqueduct Racetrack. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
135. ^Leip, David G. (born 1970). 'Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections'. uselectionatlas.org. Ithaca, New York: Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, LLC (a New York entity). Retrieved April 29, 2017.OCLC439540511.
136. ^Elections: 'Statement and Return Report for Certification – General Election 2020 – 11/03/2020 –Crossover – All Parties and Independent Bodies – President/Vice President – Citywide'. Board of Elections in the City of New York. December 1, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
     1. 'Election Results Summary 2020' → 'General, November 3, 2020' → 'Citywide President/Vice President Citywide' (recap)(PDF).
137. ^Elections: '2020 General Election Night Results'. New York State Board of Elections. October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
     1. 'State Certification of Candidates for the November 3, 2020, General Election'(PDF).
138. ^'Queens Supreme Court'. NYC.gov. October 13, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
139. ^Queens District Attorney; [Updated January 6, 2020]. 'Melinda Katz, District Attorney' (queensda.org). Retrieved March 28, 2012.
140. ^'2002 Election Results: Governor and Lieutenant Governor'(PDF). New York State Board of Elections. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
141. ^Election Results: President and Vice President. New York State Board of Elections.
     1. 2008(PDF). Retrieved June 29, 2019. (webpage)
     2. 2016(PDF). Retrieved June 29, 2019. (webpage)
142. ^Venugopal, Arun (June 28, 2019). 'Why Queens Is the Center of the Nation's Progressive Movement'. WNYC. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
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143. ^ ^abcdefgh'New York Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps'. GovTrack.us. May 21, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
144. ^Community College Survey of Student Engagement (CCSSE) (publisher) (2003). 'Engaging Community Colleges – National Benchmarks of Quality – 2003 Findings'(PDF). p. 12.OCLC1064663491, 425804160.
     Of the four categories, (i) Extra-Large Colleges (15,000 or more students), (ii) Large Colleges (8,000–14,999 students), (iii) Medium Colleges (4,500–7,999 students), and (iv) Small Colleges (4,499 or fewer students), LaGuardia Community College was in the top three of Large Colleges.
145. ^'New Yorkers and Their Cars' (www.edc.nyc). New York City Economic Development Corporation (publisher). April 5, 2018.Originally retrieved July 6, 2016. Updated url retrieved September 21, 20201.CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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152. ^Astoria Post, Allie; Griffin (January 15, 2021). 'More Than 50 Citi Bike Stations Will Be Installed in Astoria in the Coming Weeks'. Sunnyside: Queens Post group, a subsidiary of Outer Boro Media, owned by Christian Murray and Czarinna Andres. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
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159. ^ ^abcNew York Times, The; McGeehan, Patrick (July 27, 2015). 'La Guardia Airport to Be Overhauled by 2021, Cuomo and Biden Say' (online) (print ed. → July 28, 2015; '$4 Billion Plan for La Guardia Would Tear It Down and Start Over') (New York ed.). p. 17 (section A). Retrieved July 6, 2016.ProQuest1699145344 (hardcopy; US Newsstream); ProQuest1714006701 (online; US Newsstream).
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161. ^New York Times, The (February 6, 2014). 'Biden Compares La Guardia Airport to 'Third World'' (AP) (online) (print ed. → February 7, 2014; 'Biden Compares La Guardia Airport to 'Third World'') (Late ed.; East Coast). p. 19 (section A). Retrieved July 6, 2016.ProQuest1495401223 (hardcopy; US Newsstream); ProQuest2213767015 (online; US Newsstream).
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164. ^MTA. 'Long Island Rail Road - General Information'. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
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166. ^Newsday; Castillo, Alfonso A. (April 15, 2018). 'East Side Access Price Goes Up Again, Now Stands at $11.2B – The Metropolitan Transportation Authority is Blaming Much of the Latest $955 Million Budget Increase on Amtrak'. p. 6. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2018 – via Wayback Machine.ProQuest2024950309 (hardcopy; US Newsstream) → AM New York Metro (April 16, 2018). (same article). p. 4.ProQuest2025258093 (hardcopy; US Newsstream).
167. ^Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (2016). 'AirTrain JFK'. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
168. ^New York Daily News; Durkin, Erin (January 20, 2015). 'Andrew Cuomo Announces $450M Plan to Build AirTrain Connecting LaGuardia Airport to the Subway' (online) (print ed. → January 21, 2015; 'High Hopes – Gov Seeks Train to LaGuardia') (Metro Final ed.). 96 (210). p. 10. Retrieved January 21, 2015.ProQuest1647081122 (hardcopy; US Newsstream) (link to print edition– via Newspapers.comCS1 maint: postscript (link)).
169. ^DNAinfo New York; Honan, Katie (née Kathleen M. Honan; born 1985) (January 20, 2015). 'Cuomo Announces AirTrain to LaGuardia Airport from Subway, LIRR'. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
170. ^MTA (April 14, 2020). 'Subway and Bus Facts 2019'. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
171. ^'Queens Bus Map'(PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
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173. ^New York Observer; Jorgensen, Jillian (February 4, 2016). 'A Streetcar Named Independence: De Blasio Invests in Non-MTA Transit'. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
174. ^New York Times, The; Grynbaum, Michael M. (February 3, 2016). 'Mayor de Blasio to Propose Streetcar Line Linking Brooklyn and Queens' ((print ed. → February 4, 2016; 'Mayor Wants a Streetcar Line to Link Brooklyn and Queens') (Late ed.; East Coast). p. 1 (seection A). Retrieved February 4, 2016.ProQuest1762277440 (hardcopy; US Newsstream); ProQuest1762277108 (online; US Newsstream).
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178. ^New York Times, The; McGeehan, Patrick (June 15, 2016). 'De Blasio's $325 Million Ferry Push: Rides to 5 Boroughs, at Subway Price'. The New York Times (online) (print ed. → June 16, 2016; 'New York's Ferry Push: Rides to 5 Boroughs, at a Subway Price') (New York ed.). p. 1 (section A). ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved June 28, 2016.ProQuest1797022833 (hardcopy; US Newsstream); ProQuest1796775572 (online; US Newsstream).
179. ^WNBC; Siff, Andrew (March 16, 2016). 'New York City's Ferry Service Set to Launch in 2017'. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
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181. ^New York Times, The; Levine, Alexandra S.; Wolfe, Jonathan (May 1, 2017). 'New York Today: Our City's New Ferry'. Retrieved May 1, 2017.ProQuest1893466314 (online; US Newsstream).
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183. ^ ^abcGoogle Maps. 'Overview Map of Queens'. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
184. ^ ^abNew York Times, The; Kershaw, Sarah (December 15, 2000). 'Meet Me at 60th and 60th – Many Drivers Find Streets of Queens a Confusing Maze'. The Metro Section (online) (print ed. → December 15, 2000; 'Many Drivers Find Streets of Queens A Confusing Maze') (Late ed.; East Coast). 150 (51603). p. 1 (section B). Retrieved August 13, 2017.ProQuest431629713 (hardcopy; US Newsstream); ProQuest2233049173 (online; US Newsstream) (permalink– via TimesMachineCS1 maint: postscript (link)).
185. ^Powell, Charles Underhill (1876–1956), Engineer in Charge, Topographical Bureau, Borough of Queens (February 1928). Buttenheim, Harold Stanley (1905–1962) (ed.). 'Bringing Order Out of Chaos in Street Naming and House Numbering – How the Great Borough of Queens, Composed of Sixty Former Villages, Changed the Names of Most of Its Streets and Gave New Numbers to All Its Houses'. The American City. Pittsfield, Massachusetts. 38 (2): 91–93.Retrieved September 20, 2021.CS1 maint: postscript (link)ISSN0002-7936.
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186. ^New York Times, The; Nir, Sarah Maslin (March 26, 2012). 'In Queens, Taking a Step Back From Numbered Streets' (online) (print ed. → March 27, 2012; 'In Queens, Taking a Step Back From Numbered Streets') (New York ed.; East Coast). p. 23 (section A). Retrieved March 28, 2012.ProQuest940930346 (hardcopy; US Newsstream); ProQuest2216001643 (online; US Newsstream).
187. ^MTA Bridges and Tunnels (publisher) (n.d.) [Updated Mar 30, 2020]. 'Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge'. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
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188. ^MTA Bridges and Tunnels (publisher) (n.d.) [Updated Mar 30, 2020]. 'Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge'. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
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189. ^New York Times, The; Ojito, Mirta (September 8, 2001). 'Campaigning For City Hall: The Battleground – Gauging the Vote of the Satisfied' (online) (print ed. → September 8, 2001; 'Gauging the Vote of the Satisfied – In Queens Neighborhood, Little Things Matter Most') (Late ed.; East Coast). 150 (51870). p. 1 (section B). Retrieved November 11, 2007.ProQuest431865465 (hardcopy; US Newsstream); ProQuest2231767130 (online; US Newsstream) (permalink– via TimesMachineCS1 maint: postscript (link)).
190. ^'Nadia Ali' → 'Biography'. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
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191. ^Biography.com (April 2, 2014) [Last updated February 1, 2021]. 'Tony Bennett'. A&E Television Networks (publisher). Retrieved February 15, 2018.Cite journal requires journal= (help)
192. ^Humphries, Patrick (1989) [1988 – Boy in the Bubble]. Paul Simon – Still Crazy After All These Years. Doubleday. Retrieved September 15, 2021 – via Internet Archive.LCCN88-30030; ISBN0-3852-4908-X; OCLC740541862 (all editions).
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193. ^Silverman, Stephen M. (September 16, 2004). 'Punk Rock Legend Johnny Ramone Dies at 55'. People. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
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195. ^AP Newswire (March 25, 2003). Adrien Brody, in his Oscar Acceptance Speech, Pays Tribute to his Friend, Tommy Zarobinski, Deployed With the Army National Guard in Kuwait.
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Further reading[edit]

• McGovern, Brendan; Frazier, John W., Jr. PhD (born 1947) (2015). 'Evolving Ethnic Settlements in Queens: Historical and Current Forces Reshaping Human Geography'. Focus on Geography. American Geographical Society (publisher) (Wiley). 58 (1): 11–26.doi:10.1111/foge.12045; ISSN1949-8535, ISSN1549-4934 (publication); EBSCOhost100989570 (article); OCLC5735481287, 6894888949 (article).

• Miyares, Ines Maria, PhD (born 1958) (October 2004). 'From Exclusionary Covenant to Ethnic Hyperdiversity in Jackson Heights, Queens'. Geographical Review. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. (publisher). 94 (4): 462–483. Journal → ISSN0016-7428, ISSN1931-0846; Article → doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2004.tb00183.x; JSTOR30034291; ProQuest225329687 (Research Library database); OCLC211830189, 1104949714.

• Hazelton, Henry 'Harry' Isham (1867–1938) (1925). The Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens Counties of Nassau and Suffolk Long Island, New York, 1609–1924 (7 volumes). Lewis Historical Publishing Company, Inc. Retrieved October 5, 2021.LCCN25-10750; OCLC498971362 (all editions), 247484068, 250867416.

1. Vol. 2 – via Google Books (Wisconsin Historical Society).
2. Vol. 4 – via Google Books (Wisconsin Historical Society).
3. Vol. 5 – via Internet Archive (Allen County Public Library).
4. Vol. 6 – via Google Books (Wisconsin Historical Society).

• History of Queens County, New York: With Illustrations, Portraits, and Sketches of Prominent Families and Individuals. New York: W.W. Munsell & Co. → William Watkins Munsell; 1850–1919. 1882.Retrieved September 7, 2021.CS1 maint: postscript (link)LCCN01-14233; OCLC4819282 (all editions).

1. Via HathiTrust (Columbia University).
2. Via Internet Archive (Columbia University).

• Onderdonk, Henry, Jr. (1804–1886) (1846). Documents and Letters Intended to Illustrate the Revolutionary Incidents of Queens County – With Connecting Narratives, Explanatory Notes, and Additions. New-York: Leavitt, Trow and Company (printer).Retrieved September 21, 2021.CS1 maint: postscript (link)LCCN01-14234; OCLC2860745 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Harvard).

• Onderdonk, Henry, Jr. (1804–1886) (1865). Queens County in Olden Times: Being a Supplement to the Several Histories Thereof. Jamaica, New York: Charles Welling (printer).Retrieved September 21, 2021.CS1 maint: postscript (link)LCCN01-14235; OCLC1194221823 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Harvard).

• Riker, James, Jr. (1822–1889) (1852). The Annals of Newtown, in Queens County, New-York: Containing Its History From Its First Settlement, Together With Many Interesting Facts Concerning the Adjacent Towns; Also, a Particular Account of Numerous Long Island Families Now Spread Over This and Various Other States of the Union. New York: D. Fanshaw → Daniel Fanshaw (1788–1860).Retrieved September 4, 2021.CS1 maint: postscript (link)LCCN01-14941; OCLC1264039133 (all editions), 58788151.

1. Via Internet Archive (Columbia University).
2. Google Books (Princeton University).

• Skal, George Hugo August Eugen von (1854–1924) (author); Compiled by F.T. Smiley Publishing Co. (1908). Illustrated History of the Borough of Queens, New York City. New York: F. T. Smiley Publishing Co. → Frederick Thomas Smiley (1857–1910); Jerome Chester Smiley (1882–1968); George W. Flaacke. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books (Harvard).→ also accessible via Internet Archive (Library of Congress).CS1 maint: postscript (link)LCCN10-8903; OCLC5883592 (all editions).

1. Part I – 'A History of the Borough of Queens'. pp. 7–30.
2. Part II – 'Queens Borough of the Present Day'. pp. 31–38.
3. Part III – 'Noteworth Buildings and Places'. pp. 39–70.
4. Part V – 'A Glance to the Past and the Future'. pp. 91–104.
5. 'Biographical Sketches'. pp. 113–167.

• USNY (1916). A List of Books Relating to the History of the State of New York (reprinted from the 12th Annual Report of the State Department of Education). Albany: University of the State of New York, State Department of Education, School Libraries Division.LCCNe16001026; OCLC1011459 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Harvard).
2. Via Google Books (UC Berkeley).
3. Via HathiTrust (Harvard).
4. Via HathiTrust (UC Berkeley).
5. Via HathiTrust (Cornell).
6. Via Internet Archive (Cornell).

• Copquin, Claudia Gryvatz (born 1961) (2007) [2009]. The Neighborhoods of Queens (guide to 99 neighborhoods). Yale University Press.Retrieved September 21, 2021 – via Google Books.CS1 maint: postscript (link)LCCN2007-13716 (1st ed.; 2007); ISBN978-0-3001-1299-3, 0-3001-1299-8 (2007); ISBN978-0-3001-5133-6, 0-3001-5133-0, ISBN978-0-3001-5005-6, 0-3001-5005-9; OCLC262432302 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (limited preview).

Dating In New York Movie

• Glascock, Mary A. (1977). An Annotated Bibliography of the History of Queens County (218 pages). Queens College, City University of New York.OCLC10188022.

Free Dating Website In Queens New York College Point

• Kingsley, J. Donald, Executive Director (June 1958). 'Queens Communities – Population Characteristics and Neighborhood Social Resources'. Bureau of Community Statistical Services Research Department, The Community Council of Greater New York.Retrieved October 14, 2021.CS1 maint: postscript (link)OCLC5625172, 248835739.

1. Vol. 1. 'Astoria, Long Island City–Sunnyside, Woodside–Jackson Heights–Elmhurst–Corona, Forest Hills–Rego Park, Middle Village (Glendale part), Ridgewood–Maspeth (Glendale part), Woodhaven–Richmond Hill, Richmond Hill South–Ozone Park–South Ozone Park–Howard Beach, The Rockaways' – via HathiTrust (New York Public Library).
2. Vol. 2. 'College Point–Whitestone, Flushing, Central Queens, Bayside–Oakland Gardens, Douglaston–Little Neck–Bellerose, Jamaica–South Jamaica, Queens Village–Hollis–St. Albans, Springfield Gardens–Laurelton–Rosedale' – via HathiTrust (New York Public Library).

• Lieberman, Janet Elaine, PhD (née Janet Elaine Rubensohn; 1921–2019); Lieberman, Richard Kenneth, PhD (born 1947) (1983). City Limits: A Social History of Queens (the two authors are not related). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company(covers the 1870s to the 1930s).CS1 maint: postscript (link)ISBN0-8403-3150-9, 978-0-8403-3150-2; OCLC10777703 (all editions).

• Helmreich, William Benno, PhD (1945–2020) (2020). The Queens Nobody Knows – An Urban Walking Guide. Princeton University Press.Retrieved September 23, 2021 – via Google Books.CS1 maint: postscript (link)LCCN2019-58691 (hardback), LCCN2019-58692 (ebook); ISBN978-0-6911-6688-9 (paperback), ISBN978-0-6912-0002-6 (ebook); OCLC1135915992 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (limited preview).

• Jackson, Kenneth Terry, PhD (born 1939), ed. (2010) [1995]. Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). Yale University Press & New-York Historical Society (publisher). Retrieved September 22, 2021 – via Internet Archive.LCCN2010-31294; ISBN0-3001-1465-6, 978-0-300-11465-2; OCLC1088488960 (all editions).

• Kadinsky, Sergey (March 14, 2016). Hidden Waters of New York City: A History and Guide to 101 Forgotten Lakes, Ponds, Creeks, and Streams in the Five Boroughs. Woodstock, Vermont: The Countryman Press(the author, among other things, has been a contributor to Forgotten NY).CS1 maint: postscript (link)LCCN2015-41163; ISBN978-1-5815-7355-8, 1-5815-7355-3; OCLC929863403 (all editions).

1. Book – via Google Books (limited preview). p. 96. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
2. Author's blog – 'Hidden Waters' (WordPress). Retrieved September 21, 2021.OCLC1187187978.

• Walsh, Kevin S. (born 1957); and the Greater Astoria Historical Society (authors) (2013). Forgotton Queens. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing.Retrieved September 21,2021.CS1 maint: postscript (link)LCCN2013-940008; ISBN1-4671-2065-0, 978-1-4671-2065-4; OCLC855044557.

1. Via Google Books.

External links[edit]

• La Guardia and Wagner Archives/Queens Local History CollectionArchived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
• 'They Came from Queens'. Queens Tribune. 40 (30). July 29 – August 4, 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2010 – via ISSUU.

Free Dating Website In Queens New York City Ny